FIGURE 5  Increased Aβ42-associated neuronal loss in post-mortem retinas of AD patients. (A) Representative images of post-mortem retinal cross-sections from CN and AD cases, immunostained with anti-Aβ42 mAb (12F4) and labeled with peroxidase-based DAB (brown) and hematoxylin counterstain (violet). Intracellular Aβ42-inclusions are observed in GCL, INL and ONL of AD retina. Scale bars: 20 μm. (B) Nissl staining of retinal cross-sections from a control subject and AD patient, revealing cellular and retinal layer alterations in AD. (C) Quantitation of neuronal Nissl-positive total area in retinas of AD patients (n = 9) compared to age-/sex-matched CN control subjects (n = 8). Data shown as group mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01, unpaired 2-tailed Student’s t-test (D) Qualitative geometric map of increased retinal Aβ deposits (red shapes) and neuronal loss (green triangles) in AD patients. Panels a-c are reproduced from Koronyo et al. (2017) with permission of ASCI via Copyright Clearance Center. Panel d is adapted from Hart et al. (2016) under terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).