Given the complexity of poliovirus immunity and multiple vaccine options, transmission and health economic modeling can provide insights that can support decision-makers as they evaluate different decisions and policy options. The GPEI partners implicitly value this type of modeling by engaging multiple modeling groups, and some prior studies documented the important role of modeling with respect to supporting some GPEI decisions [1–4]. Notably, however, we could not identify a comprehensive list of GPEI decisions, which makes it difficult to systematically document the decision-support provided by modeling. In addition, no systematic or comprehensive review of the polio modeling literature performed to support polio endgame risk management currently exists, and the different modeling groups tend to cite their own work (including the authors of this review) with limited reference to the independent work of the other groups. Furthermore, the published literature also includes relevant modeling studies by other authors. We sought to document the polio studies published by the different groups and to systematically review the nature of the polio transmission and economic modeling papers published in English for 2000–2019. Section 2 describes the methods we used to identify, code, and evaluate the literature. Section 3 summarizes the results of the systematic review. Section 4 provides a historical record of all of the polio-related studies published by the three GPEI-supported groups and summarizes the polio transmission models and economic models that we identified by other authors. Section 5 discusses cross-cutting themes addressed by multiple studies. Section 6 highlights differences in modeling approaches and methods. Sections 7 and 8 provide conclusions and expert opinion.