Table 1 summarizes some attributes of the included studies. Not surprisingly, the number of publications by each modeling group reflects the beginning of their efforts (i.e. KRI 78 papers since 2003, IC 46 papers since 2006, and IDM 19 papers since 2014). Similarly, as the number of modeling groups increased, so did the number of publications per 5-year time period (i.e. 5 papers 2000–2004, 22 papers 2005–2009, 45 papers 2010–2014, and 103 papers from 2015 to 2019). All of the modeling groups developed and applied some dynamic transmission models, although the extent of these efforts varied considerably. For example, only KRI combined dynamic transmission and economic modeling into integrated policy models and used all of the different types of dynamic transmission modeling tools (i.e. DEB, SC, IB, and DES). In addition, the three modeling groups tend to preferentially apply different modeling tools (i.e. DEB modeling dominates for KRI, SC for IC, and IB for IDM). We did not include studies that performed statistical simulation of infections (e.g. [136]) as dynamic transmission models. As shown in Table 1, all of the modeling groups also published papers that did not include transmission modeling or economic analyses. Notably, IC invested considerable efforts in characterizing vaccine effectiveness based on clinical trial and surveillance data, and on characterizing risks using statistical epidemiology to support inferences. Table 1 shows multiple reviews performed by all of the modeling groups to develop inputs for their transmission models. Table 1 also includes the contributions to the literature from others, which largely represent single papers, but with notable exception of multiple papers by Professor James Koopman (University of Michigan).
Table 1. Characteristics of included peer-reviewed polio-related studies published in English 2000–2019.
Characteristic  
Modeling group KRI (n = 78) [1-4, 8-81]IC (n = 46) [82–127] a,bIDM (n = 19) [128–146]Poliovirus transmission modeling by others (n = 24) [147–171]Economic analyses by others (n = 9) [172–179]
Publication date 2000–2004 (n = 5) [8, 147, 148, 172, 173]2005–2009 (n = 22) [9-22, 82–86, 149, 150, 174, 175]2010–2014 (n = 45) [1, 2, 23–42, 87–98, 128–131, 151–154, 176, 177]2015–2020 (n = 103) [3, 4, 43–81, 99–146, 155–171, 178, 179]
Publication type Integrated (DEB transmission and economic combined) (n = 12) [9, 18–20, 25, 51, 54, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65]Dynamic transmission only (n = 70) c,dDEB (n = 45) [10, 14, 22, 26, 33–36, 38–40, 43, 47, 49, 52, 53, 55–58, 60, 68, 69, 73, 74, 77, 97, 147–157, 160, 162–166, 171] cSC (n = 15) [27, 46, 70, 71, 75, 76, 97–100, 147, 158, 161, 167–169]IB (n = 10) [24, 41, 129, 132–135, 155, 159, 170]dDES,DEB (n = 3) [4, 50, 81]Economic/cost analysis only (n = 15) [11, 12, 21, 23, 66, 78, 146, 172–179]Statistical analyses (by 3 GPEI-supported modeling groups only) (n = 38)Risk assessment (n = 19) [44, 93, 101, 102, 109–113, 116, 117, 130, 131, 136, 140–143, 145]Vaccine effectiveness (n = 17) [82–84, 87–92, 103–108, 114, 115]Mucosal immunity (n = 2) [85, 86]Reviews (by 3 GPEI-supported modeling groups only) (n = 14)Transmission model inputs (n = 11) [13, 29, 30, 32, 94, 96, 126–128, 138, 139]Risk model inputs (n = 3) [67, 72, 125]Discussions (by 3 GPEI-supported modeling groups only) (n = 26)Policy options (n = 5) [8, 28, 31, 37, 80]Perspectives (n = 13) [1-3, 15–17, 45, 63, 95, 122, 124, 137, 144]Commentaries (n = 8) [42, 48, 79, 118–121, 123]
Abbreviations: DEB, differential-equation-based model; DES, discrete-event simulation model; IB, individual-based model; IC, Imperial College; IDM, Institute for Disease Modeling; IPV, inactivated poliovirus vaccine; iVDPVs, immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus; KRI, Kid Risk, Inc.; OPV, oral poliovirus vaccine; SC, stochastic compartmental model; SIAs, supplementary immunization activities.
Notes
aTwo papers included one middle author from IDM [100, 109].
bOne author on three papers now at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine [116, 117, 127].
cTwo papers included both DEB and SC model formulations [97, 147].
dOne paper included both DEB and IB model formulations [155].