SARS-CoV-2 infection induces acute tubular necrosis through direct cytotoxicity and in immune mediated damage [62,63].
Light microscopy: acute renal proximal tubule injury.
Immunohistochemistry: viral nucleocapsid protein into the renal tubular cells of the infected tissues.
Transmission electron microscopy: viral inclusion bodies in a peritubular space and viral particles in endothelial cells of the glomerular capillary loops.