. 2014), and hypothalamus (Muller et al. 2018). Interestingly, leukoencephalopathy, atrophy (Cadet et al. 2014), and increased hyperphosphorylated tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles are reported with chronic opiate abuse compared to age-matched controls (Ramage et al. 2005; Anthony et al. 2010; Kovacs et al. 2015).