Leshner 1998; Nath et al. 1999, 2002). Despite this understanding, opioid use disorder (OUD) and HIV remain a huge public health concern (Strathdee and Beyrer 2015; Peters et al. 2016). In fact, the opioid crisis is seen as a major roadblock in several aspects of public health, including thwarting the goal of eliminating HIV within the next decade (Fauci et al. 2019; Lerner and Fauci 2019).
OUD is also likely to