• ↓ Recall memory • ↓ Working memory Human (Byrd et al. 2011) HIV No info SUD (opioids, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine) • ↓ Complex figure copy • ↓ Delayed recall Human (Concha et al. 1997) Neuropsychological performance cART OST (methadone) No effect of OST Human (Applebaum et al. 2010) Cognitive function HIV cART OUD • ↓ Cognitive performance wit