an et al. 2004)
HIV ARV naive Reported heroin use • ↓ MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-2 in blood after stimulation with LPS
• ↑ CCR5 expression in CD4 cells Human (Meijerink et al. 2015)
HIVE HIV No info OUD • ↑ Parenchymal inflammatory infiltrates
•