• ↓ CD68, HLA-D in HIV and HIVE with OUD
• No effect of IDU on CD68 Human, postmortem brain (Byrd et al. 2012)
Plasma cytokines HIV cART OUD (codeine, fentanyl, morphine) ↑ sTNF-R2, not sCD14, TNF-α, sTNF-R1, in plasma Human (Ryan et al. 2004)
HIV ARV naive Reported heroin use • ↓ MIP-1α, MIP