sequences of HIV-1 genetic variants, host variants, and μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and HIV chemokine co-receptor interactions on the comorbidity. Lastly, we present topics that need to be considered in the future to better understand the unique contributions of opioids to the pathophysiology of neuroHIV.
Graphical Abstract  Blood-brain barrier and the neurovascular unit. With HIV and opiate co-exposure (represented below the dotte