No current or complete accounting of all federal nutrition research funding is available (12, 105). For this work, we obtained and collated information on the largest departments and agencies focused on nutrition research, and their current estimated spending on nutrition research. These findings are presented in Table 1, and summarized further below. The NIH and USDA are by far the 2 largest funders of federal nutrition research. As recently described (12), NIH and USDA negotiated how to share priorities for nutrition science after the 1978 Congressional report on Nutrition Research Alternatives (106, 107). The Secretaries of HHS and USDA agreed that NIH would take the lead on research related to the biomedical aspects of nutrition (e.g., diagnosing and treating diseases), while USDA would be responsible for research on healthy diets for the general population. In addition to NIH and USDA, many other departments and agencies conduct or utilize nutrition research (11), as described in further detail below.