Overall, advances in science have identified numerous new opportunities for research and pressing scientific questions that must be addressed (Figure 2). These topics, discussed further in “The Opportunity” section below, include fundamental questions about foods and diet quality in relation to obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, cancers, and other conditions; the interactions between diet, physical activity, the microbiome, and immunity and other key health defenses; and the health effects of various forms of food processing, additives, fermentation, and probiotics. Other topics include personalization of nutrition based on each person's background, habits, genes, microbiome, medications, and existing diseases; how hunger and food security influence wellness and key approaches to address this interaction; the intersections of plant and animal breeding and farming practices with nutrition and sustainability; and many other questions. Thus, we have learned much, but the present state of science remains far from offering a sufficient understanding of many crucial facets of food and nutrition fundamental to human health (43–47). Scientific progress is being made, but at the current pace it may take many decades to meaningfully understand and reduce the prevalence and impact of the broad range of diet-related chronic diseases that we face.