to 48% of calories in men and 45% to 51% in women between 1971 and 2004, primarily due to higher consumption of starches, grains, and caloric beverages (17, 18). Between 1977 and 1994, intake of processed breakfast cereals increased by 60%, intake of pizza by 115%, and intakes of snack foods like crackers, popcorn, pretzels, and corn chips by 200% (19). Between 1965 and 2002, the intake of caloric beverages