Implementation research is also crucial to assess and optimize intended benefits of the numerous federal policies and investments around public communication and education, including the DGAs, food labeling, health claims, menu labeling, and SNAP-Ed. This should include coordinated research efforts on evidence-based nutrition education and promotion strategies for healthy populations (the current focus of the DGAs), those with specific diet-related illnesses (the majority of the US population, but not included in the DGAs), and those with resource limitations and food insecurity (194, 259, 260). Understanding how and why effectiveness of communication channels may vary, such as according to print or health literacy, numeracy, culture, income, or neighborhood (e.g., food access), is critical. Effective approaches to increase nutrition science literacy can be assessed through new and enhanced research collaborations, such as between the DoE, USDA, NIH, and CDC. As one example, enhanced collaborations with DoE could include efforts to study potential improvements to food-, nutrition-, and health education–related curricula, testing, school environments, and teacher preparation. In addition, more research is needed across the policy development and dissemination spectrum to advance our understanding of efficacy, cost-effectiveness, equity, and feasibility of policy, systems changes, and environmental supports that promote healthy eating (241, 261–263). Coordinated interagency research is also needed on the effects and appropriateness of food marketing to children (e.g., between the FTC, CDC, FDA, and USDA). Together, such research can inform both current and alternative federal approaches for disseminating evidence-based information to inform choice and reduce confusion among a public hungering for scientifically sound guidance.