Seriously ill patients with respiratory distress, and also other patients with other conditions such as cardiovascular disease often require intimate contact with medical devices. Examples of devices include prosthetic heart valves, orthopedic implants, intravascular catheters, artificial hearts, cardiac pacemakers, etc. [185]. Wettability of the surfaces has been shown to play a crucial role in the adhesion of viruses to whichever surface is present. Glass slides were successfully coated with silanes of various hydrophobicity and showed that more hydrophobic surfaces were most efficient in capturing influenza A viruses. This points again to a form of nanotrapping and inactivation of the virus by surface interactions [186]. Glass slides were also LbL coated with polyanionic and polycationic chitosan to eliminate S. aureus. It was implied that this LbL process will benefit medical devices with antibacterial properties [187].