Table 8  Biomarkers of therapy-induced senescence (TIS).
Biomarker   References
Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal)  (12, 14, 504, 505, 510, 516–520)
P53  (14, 504, 520, 521) (507)*
Retinoblastoma (RB) Protein  (CDKN2A; Ser780phosphorylated RB protein; cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6-retinoblastoma)  (12, 14, 504, 519–521) (507)*
P14 (human)  P19 (mouse)  (12, 509, 510, 514, 515, 519)  (505, 507, 513)*
P16 (INK4A; CDKN2)  (12, 14, 509, 512, 515, 519, 522)  (505, 507, 513, 514, 516)
P21 (WAF1)  (14, 509, 522)  (505, 507, 513)*
Senescence-associated heterochromatic foci (SAHF)  (12, 509, 510, 515, 519)  (505, 507, 513)
Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) gamma  (509, 516, 518)
Telomere length  (505)*
Di- or tri-methylated lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9Me2/3)  (505, 517, 518)
Histone H2A variant (macroH2A)  (505, 517, 518)
Lysosomal-beta-galactosidase (GLB1)  (516)
Inhibition of growth (ING) family of proteins (ING−1,−2,−3,−4,−5)  (523)
Senescence-associated genes (SAGs) family: [18B (KIF18B), Citron kinase (CIT), Centrosomal protein 55 (CEP55), minichromosome maintenance complex component 5/7 (MCM), Cell division cycle 45 (CDC45), enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)]  (524)
Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)  (12, 14, 510, 519)  (505, 507, 509, 522)
Soluble TNF-receptor-II  (11, 523)
Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor/ligand 2, (CCR2/CCL2); Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) axis  (525)
IL-1  (526)
IL-6  (527–531)
IL-8  (528, 531, 532)  (526, 527)
Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)  (533, 534)
Examples of the most important biomarkers of TIS are listed. Stars indicate reviews (*).