Table 4  Examples of liver cancer stem cell markers and their use as diagnostic, predictive, or therapeutic biomarkers.
Marker   Stem cell marker   Biomarker diagnostic   Biomarker therapeutic   Biomarker prognostic
Surface markers, CD
CD24  (294–296) (297, 298)*   (298)*  (295)
CD44  (299, 300) (298)*    (300–303) (298)*(304)**
CD90  (295, 300, 305–308) (297, 298)*    (295, 300, 304, 309) (298)*
CD133  (295, 296, 300, 310–313), (297, 298)*  (314)   (295, 300, 304, 311, 314–319), (320)**, (298)*
Surface markers, not CD
EpCAM  (297, 298)* (294, 300, 304, 311, 321)  (322)  (298)*  (300, 301, 304, 311, 319, 321–327) (298)*
Intracellular markers and pathways
AFP  (311, 321)   (328)  (311, 321, 329), (330)*
Nanog  (312, 313, 331), (298)*   (298)*  (331)  (298)*
Notch  (295, 296, 305)   (295)
Oct-3/4  (313, 331), (298)*    (309, 331), (298)*
Sox2  (313) (298)*
Wnt/ ß-catenin  (295, 313)   (295)  (313) (330)*, **
The table lists examples of cancer stem cell markers and indicates those which have been tested as biomarkers within a therapeutic (metastasis, tumor stage, size, resistance), diagnostic (i.e., resistance), or prognostic (survival, resistance etc.) approach. Stars indicate reviews (*) and contradictory results (**).