For example, in healthy subjects, the normal ranges (interquartile ranges) of endogenous RAS peptides, Ang I, Ang II, Ang (1–7), Ang (1–9) and Ang (1–5) were 12–24 pg/mL, 1–12 pg/mL, <2 pg/mL, <4 pg/mL and < 1 pg/mL, respectively, differently the normal range after ex vivo equilibrium of the same peptides were 35–66 pg/mL, 110–200 pg/mL, < 2 pg/mL, < 4 pg/mL and < 1 pg/mL, respectively [179], indicating the presence of renin and ACE (but no ACE2) activity (as highlighted by Ang peptide increases upon ex vivo equilibrium).