Fig. 5  Temporal relationships between immune responses and disease manifestation.
(A) Global viSNE projection of non-naïve CD8 T cells, non-naïve CD4 T cells, and B cells for all subjects pooled, with cells from COVID-19 patients at D0 and D7 concatenated and overlaid. Frequencies of (B) KI67+ and HLA-DR+CD38+ CD4 T cells, (C) KI67+ and HLA-DR+CD38+ CD8 T cells, or (D) PBs as indicated for healthy donor (HD; green), recovered donor (RD; blue), or COVID-19 patients (red) with paired samples at D0 and D7 indicated by the connecting line. Significance determined by paired Wilcoxon test: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001. Longitudinal patterns (see Methods) of (E) HLA-DR+CD38+ CD4 T cells or (F) PBs in COVID-19 patients shown as frequency and representative flow cytometry plots. (G) Spearman correlations of clinical parameters with longitudinal fold changes in immune populations.