Sign or symptom Study design Setting Number of studies/number of participants Sensitivity (ranges) Specificity (ranges) Strength of evidence Number of studies with high risk of bias per QUADAS‐2 domain: participant selection/index test/reference standard/flow and timing Cough Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 7/2554 0.43 to 0.71 0.14 to 0.54 3/7/1/2 Hospital inpatientsa 1/53 0.55 0.42 1/1/0/0 Case‐control Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/262 0.36 0.49 0/1/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa 2/170 0.47 to 0.69 0.15 to 0.20 2/1/0/0 Sputum production Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 6/2467 0.16 to 0.33 0.50 to 0.86 3/6/1/2 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Dyspnoea Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 7/2554 0.00 to 0.25 0.82 to 0.98 3/7/1/2 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Case‐control Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/262 0.12 0.77 0/1/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Hypoxia Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/2929b 0.15 0.83 0/0/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Haemoptysis Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/116 0.00 0.99 0/1/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Positive auscultation findings Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/788 0.11 0.95 1/1/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Case‐control Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital inpatientsa 1/34 0.11 0.67 1/1/0/0 Respiratory symptoms (not otherwise specified) Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/788 0.04 0.95 1/1/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Sore throat Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 6/2438 0.05 to 0.71 0.55 to 0.80 3/6/1/2 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Case‐control Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/262 0.17 0.55 0/1/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa 2/170 0.13 to 0.21 0.73 to 0.91 2/1/0/0 Nasal symptoms Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 5/2405 0.00 to 0.22 0.69 to 0.92 2/5/1/2 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Case‐control Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/262 0.19 0.79 0/1/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa 1/136 0.03 for nasal obstruction0.04 for rhinorrhoea 0.94 for nasal obstruction0.95 for rhinorrhoea 1/0/0/0 Loss of sense of smell or taste Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/870 0.23 0.99 0/1/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Case‐control Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/262 0.22 for smell0.20 for taste 0.96 for smell0.95 for taste 0/1/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Fever Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 8/5315 0.07 to 0.93 0.16 to 0.94 2/7/1/2 Hospital inpatientsa 1/53 0.80 0.48 1/1/0/0 Case‐control Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/262 0.54 0.74 0/1/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa 1/34 0.79 0.07 1/1/0/0 Low body temperature Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/2929b 0.37 0.32 0/0/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Shivers Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/132 0.14 0.86 0/1/1/1 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Chills Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 2/1443 0.07 to 0.29 0.72 to 0.91 0/2/1/1 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Myalgia or arthralgia Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 4/339 0.19 to 0.86 0.45 to 0.91 2/4/1/2 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Case‐control Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/262 0.34 0.81 0/1/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Myalgia or fatigue Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 2/1427 0.16 to 0.31 0.82 to 0.93 0/2/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Fatigue Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 2/220 0.43 to 0.57 0.60 to 0.67 1/2/1/2 Hospital inpatientsa 1/53 0.10 0.94 1/1/0/0 Case‐control Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/262 0.42 0.69 0/1/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa 2/170 0.11 to 0.31 0.88 to 1.00 2/1/0/0 Headache Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 4/1647 0.03 to 0.71 0.78 to 0.98 1/4/1/2 Hospital inpatientsa 1/53 0.15 0.97 1/1/0/0 Nausea/vomiting Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 2/436 0.00 to 0.04 0.97 to 0.97 0/2/1/1 Hospital inpatientsa 1/53 0.05 1.00 1/1/0/0 Case‐control Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 2/778 0.05 to 0.23 0.81 to 0.96 0/2/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Diarrhoea Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 5/1680 0.00 to 0.14 0.86 to 0.99 2/5/1/2 Hospital inpatientsa 1/53 0.15 0.88 1/1/0/0 Case‐control Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 2/778 0.08 to 0.20 0.85 to 0.92 0/2/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa 1/34 0.05 0.93 1/1/0/0 Abdominal pain Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/132 0.00 0.96 0/1/1/1 Hospital inpatientsa 1/53 0.05 1.00 1/1/0/0 Gastrointestinal symptoms Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/788 0.37 0.68 1/1/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Case‐control Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/516 0.35 0.74 0/1/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Low systolic blood pressure Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/3341b 0.11 0.90 0/0/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   High systolic blood pressure Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/3341 0.39 0.57 0/0/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Tachycardia Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/3373 0.47 0.62 0/0/0/0 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Palpitations Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics 1/132 0.00 0.98 0/1/1/1 Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Chest tightness Cross‐sectional Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital inpatientsa ‐ ‐ ‐   Case‐control Primary care ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital outpatient clinics ‐ ‐ ‐   Hospital inpatientsa 1/34 0.05 1.00 1/1/0/0