The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the EU Graphene Flagship project (no. 881603). This work was partly supported the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through the LabEx project Chemistry of Complex Systems (ANR-10-LABX-0026_CSC). We wish to acknowledge the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC). S.P. is indebted to the Chinese Scholarship Council for supporting her Ph.D. internship as a visiting Ph.D. student. A.F.A. wish to thanks the EUR CSC Graduate School (Strasbourg, France) for supporting his Master studies. Vocabulary
Hard nanomaterial nonpolymeric organic or inorganic materials with sizes comprised between 1 and 100 nm
antiviral medical term used for any agent or drug altering virus integrity or process involved in viral infection disease
viral infection process by which viruses invade the body through multiple pathways and multiply in susceptible host cells
viral pathogenesis approach in biomedical research to understand the process by which a viral infection leads to disease, including mechanism of infection into the host (e.g., viral entry, viral replication) and factors that affect this mechanism (e.g., virus susceptibility to host defenses)
membranotropism the ability of an organism or an agent to interact with biological barriers
immunogenicity capacity of an exogenous substance or material to trigger an immune response in humans and other animals or to induce a humoral and/or cellular immune responses
multifunctional platform material modified with different functionalities to achieve a variety of combined treatments