Scheme of CaPNPs used for vaccine. Left: CaPNPs functionalized with CpGm adjuvant and two different peptides as antigens. Top right: CaPNPs were able to reduce cell-to-cell virus spread in vitro. Bottom right: CaP nanovaccines were able to immunize mice against HSV-1. Reproduced with permission from ref (153). Copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V.