size (nm)  active concentration  mechanism of action  ref
HIV-1  spherical  1–10  25 μg/mL  interaction with gp120  (11)
HIV-1 IIIB  –  30–50  440 μg/mL  interaction with gp120  (19)
HSV-1, HSV-2, and HPIV-3  –  20–50  not available  possible interaction directly with the viral envelope or its protein  (20)
Adenovirus type 3  spherical  5–18  25 μg/mL  direct destruction of virus particles and DNA structure  (15)
H1N1 influenza A v