virus  shape  size (nm)  active concentration  mechanism of action  ref
HIV-1  spherical  1–10  25 μg/mL  interaction with gp120  (11)
HIV-1 IIIB  –  30–50  440 μg/mL  interaction with gp120  (19)
HSV-1, HSV-2, and HPIV-3  –  20–50  not available  possible interaction directly with the viral envelope or its protein  (20)
Adenovirus type 3  spherical  5–18  25 μg/mL  direct destruction of virus particles and DNA structure  (15)
H1N1 influenza A virus  spherical  5–20  12.5 μg/mL  inhibition of respiratory enzymes and electron transport components and interference with DNA function  (21)
HBV  spherical  10–50  5 μM  interaction with double-stranded DNA and/or binding with viral particles  (16)
PPRV  spherical  5–30  11.1 μg/mL  interaction with virus surface and core  (12)
Vaccinia virus  spherical  25  not available  preventing viral entry into host cells  (13)
Monkey pox virus (MPV)  –  10–80  12.5 μg/mL  blocking virus-host cell binding and penetration  (22)
Tacaribe virus (TCRV)  –  5–10  25 μg/mL  inactivation of virus particles before entry  (23)
Poliovirus  spherical  4–9  3.1 ppm  preventing viral particles from binding to the receptors of RD cells  (24)
TGEV  spherical  <20  12.5 μg/mL  direct interaction with TGEV surface protein, such as TGEV S glycoprotein  (18)
linear  60000–80000
linear  20000–30000