Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is the most important bioactive component isolated from a Chinese traditional herbal medicine of Astragalus membranaceus, which is composed of glucose, mannose, d-glucose, and D-galactose (Fig. 3) [[44], [45], [46]]. Radix Isatidis (RI) is also a kind of traditional Chinese herbal medicine with significant antiviral effect, and polysaccharide is its main active component [47,48]. The polysaccharide from RI is mainly composed of mannose, glucose, galactose and arabinose [49]. Mushrooms are used as food for long time in China, and also are drugs in the Orient centuries [50]. Lentinus edodes is one of the most widely edible mushrooms, and is popularly consumed as health foods in Asian countries [50,51]. Among the bioactive components of mushrooms, the Lentinus edodes polysaccharide (lentinan, LNT) is the most extensively investigated with many immune processes, which is generally described as biological response modifiers [52,53]. It consists of a β-(1 → 3)-glucan backbone with β-(1 → 6)-glucosyl side-branching units terminated by mannosyl or galactosyl residues (Fig. 3) [50,51]. Recently, LNT has been widely used as an alternative medicine and dietary supplement in the world [50].