Nanobiotechnology provides a variety of solutions for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases such as viruses. Nanoparticles can be designed as an efficient delivery system to increase the activity of low toxicity vaccines against the host [125]. The application of nanoparticles in vaccine formulations can not only improve the immunogenicity and stability of antigen, but also achieve targeted delivery and sustained release [126]. Nanomaterials may have intrinsic immunomodulatory functions, acting as adjuvants or immune potentiators [127]. The chitosan/alginate nanoparticle encapsulated bee venom (BV) with slow-releasing properties and mucosal adhesiveness has been developed, which can effectively induce non-specific immune stimulation, particularly those related to Th1 responses and viral clearance activities against PRRSV infection [128]. The effectiveness of a novel nanoparticle vaccine is supported by stimulating effective neutralizing antibody and antigen-specific T cell responses in mice immunized with a MERS-CoV nanoparticle vaccine candidate. Using a MERS-CoV-permissive transgenic mouse model, it is shown that the mice immunized with this nanoparticle-based MERS-CoV vaccine can protect against a lethal challenge of MERS-CoV without triggering undesirable eosinophilic immunopathology. The biocompatible hollow nanoparticle may accelerate the development of effective and safe vaccines against emerging coronavirus pathogens [129]. Bovine coronavirus (BCV) N protein-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) can significantly increase both IgA and IgG levels after the second immunization comparable to the control group. The IgM content in serum increased after the second immunization in the BCV N protein-loaded CNP group. These findings indicate that CNP can be used as a novel adjuvant in veterinary vaccine field [130].