Acknowledgements
We are indebted to the medical workers who are fighting COVID-19 on the front line of patient care and all the people in Hubei, especially those in Wuhan, who have sacrificed so much in the battle with the COVID-19 epidemic. The graphical abstract was created in Biorender.com.

Data availability
The dataset generated during the current study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82041018; No. 81770096) and Major Projects of the National Science and Technology (No. 2019ZX09301001).

Authors’ relationships and activities
The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

Contribution statement
YJ and TZ designed the study. SW, PM, SZ, SS, YM, JX, FW, HL and NX collected the epidemiological and clinical data. ZW and MX analysed data. PM, SZ, ZW, LD and ZY interpreted the analyses. SW, PM, SZ and SS drafted the manuscript. All authors participated in the discussion of the initial manuscript and provided important suggestions on revision. TZ and YJ revised the final manuscript. All authors approved the final version. YJ is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.