Recently, it has been reported that a relatively high number of influenza patients presenting with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) also rapidly develop IPA, which is associated with increased duration of hospitalization and mortality [4,5]. Corticosteroid use and pulmonary epithelial damages caused by severe influenza are the main risk factors for developing IPA [4,5]. The recent global pandemic of coronavirus disease-19, also known as COVID-19, has infected over 6 million patients worldwide, with more than 360,000 deaths. It has been shown that up to 40% of COVID-19 hospitalized patients can develop ARDS [6], and thereby become susceptible to acquire co-infections caused by bacteria and also Aspergillus spp. [7,8], although frequency of co-infections seems to vary between centers and overall co-infections may occur less frequently than with severe influenza [9]. Once they occur, these superinfections are associated with high mortality rates and may prolong the acute phase of COVID-19 [10]. In this comprehensive review, we discuss various aspects of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), focusing specifically on immunology, risk factors, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and current challenges.