Fig. 1 Regulation of cellular pathways under the influence of pro-inflammatory stimuli (Keap1 – Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; Cul3 – Cullin 3; Nrf2 – Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; IKK – IκB kinase; NF-κB – Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells heterodimer, consisting of p50, p65 and IkBα proteins; STAT3 – Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; ERK/MAPK – mitogen-activated protein kinases; JNK – c-Jun N-terminal kinases; MEK – Mitogen-activated protein kinases kinase; HIFα – Hypoxia-inducible factor α; HIFβ – Hypoxia-inducible factor β; AP1 – Activator protein 1, with its associated proteins cFOS - and cJUN; Maf – Transcription factor Maf; ARE – antioxidant response element).