Design Population Dietary intervention Outcome Reference
Randomized cross-over trial 50 Danish subjects with high risk of metabolic syndrome two 8-week periods of whole grain intake (179 ± 50 g/day)/refined grain (maximum 13 ± 10 g/day of whole grain), divided by a washout period of ≥6 weeks. ↓ body weight, serum inflammatory markers (IL-6, CRP) Roager et al. (2019)
Double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled, randomized study 45 metabolic syndrome patients risk factors galactooligosaccharide mixture intervention to increase dietary fibre content, with a 4-wk wash-out period between interventions ↓ faecal calprotectin, CRP Vulevic et al. (2013)
Randomized controlled trial 143 individuals with metabolic syndrome 12 weeks of rye and whole wheat was compared with a diet containing the equivalent amount of refined cereal foods no significant effects on the expression of inflammatory markers' genes or insulin sensitivity Giacco et al. (2013)
Randomized crossover study 19 adults with metabolic syndrome 4-week of arabinoxylan and resistant starch enriched diet versus Western-style, low-fibre diet ↓ faecal calprotectin, IL-23A and NF-κB Hald et al. (2016)
Crossover intervention study 25 hypercholesterolemic subjects 5-week intervention using low fibre and high fibre diet, separated by a 3-week washout. ↓ CRP and fibrinogen Johansson-Persson et al. (2014)
Randomized controlled trial 68 overweight with prediabetes 12 weeks of 45 g/d of high-amylose maize (RS2) versus an isocaloric amount of amylopectin (control) ↓ TNF-α, no change in insulin sensitivity Peterson et al. (2018)
Randomized controlled trial 166 subjects with features of metabolic syndrome 4-week using healthy diet (fruits and vegetables, berries, whole-grain products, rapeseed oil, three fish meals per week) compared to an regular Nordic diet Control diet: ↑ IL-1 Ra (versus healthy diet group) Uusitupa et al. (2013)
Crossover study 10 healthy subjects Subjects received either 910calorie high- carbohydrate/high-fat meal or a standard meal according to American Heart Association (based on fruit and fibre) during the first visit and the other meal during the second visit ↑ oxidative stress (bloodlevels of TBARS, LPS, FFA) and proinflammatory markers (TNFα, and IL-1β) Dandona et al. (2015)
Randomized controlled trial 28 T2DM patients Subjects received brown rice (n = 14) or white rice (n = 14) diet for 8 weeks ↓ CRP in brown rice group Kondo et al. (2017)
Parallel design, dietary intervention trial 104 subjects with metabolic syndrome risk Subjects received Healthy Diet (n = 44), a whole-grain-enriched diet (n = 42) or a control (n = 45) diet, Healthy Diet group: ↓ E-selectinHealthy Diet and whole grain group: ↓ CRP de Mello et al. (2011)
Cross-over, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, study 12 overweight and obese subjects Subjects received 20 g/day of inulin (high-fermentable fibre) and cellulose (low-fermentable fibre) for 42 days IPE: ↓ IL-8 levels (versus cellulose)Inulin: no effect on the inflammatory markers Chambers et al. (2019)
Crossover clinical study 18 subjects at low-to-moderate cardiometabolic risk Subjects received breakfast either rich in fibre, unsaturated fatty acids (unSFA) or saturated fatty acids (SFA) for 4 weeks SFA: ↑ IL-1β unSFA: ↓IL-6 Monfort-Pires et al. (2018)
Interventional diet study 21 overweight/obese children Subjects were placed on a regimen of low-fat, high-fibre diet and daily exercise for 2 weeks ↓ PAI-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, resistin, insulin, amylin, leptin, and IL-1ra↑ adiponectin Izadpanah et al. (2012)
Randomized, placebo-controlled study 31 hemodialysis patients Patients received either resistant starch or placebo supplementation, for 4 weeks ↓ IL-6 and TBARS Esgalhado et al. (2018)
Randomized controlled clinical trial 55 women with T2DM Subjects received 10 g resistant dextrin/day or a similar amount of maltodextrin for 8 weeks ↓ IL-6, TNF-α and MDA↑ Insulin sensitivity Aliasgharzadeh et al. (2015)
Randomized cross-over double-blind placebo-controlled trial 17 obese knee osteoarthritis patients Patients received freeze-dried strawberries or placebo for 2 periods of 12 weeks with 2 weeks of wash-out ↓ TNF-α and 4-HNE Basu et al. (2018)
Randomized study 59 T2DM patients Patients received metformin, acarbose and either a high fibre or a low fibre diet intervention for 8 weeks Low fibre group: ↓ IL-18 Nowotny et al. (2015)
Crossover study 33 healthy, middle-aged adults Patients received either high or low in in wholegrain intervention for 6-week periods, separated by a 4-week washout. Whole grain: a slight decrease of IL-10 and CRP Ampatzoglou et al. (2016)
Observational study 8 subjects with impaired fasting glucose subjects received (1) high-fibre formula; (2) high-monounsaturated fatty acid formula or (3) control formula High fibre group: ↓ NF-κB in PBMCs Kim et al. (2013)
Randomized controlled clinical trial 60 females with T2DM Patients received 10 g/d resistant starch or placebo for 8 weeks, respectively ↓TNF-α, no effect on IL-6 or CRP Gargari et al. (2015)
Crossover clinical trial 80 overweight subjects Subjects received two isocaloric breakfast interventions -one rich in saturated fat and one in unsaturated fatty acids and fibres for 4 weeks with a 2-weeks washout. Fibre group: ↓ IF-γ and TNF-α Monfort-Pires et al. (2018)
Observational study 49 T2DM females Patients received either 10 g/day inulin or maltodextrin/day for 8 weeks Inulin: ↓CRP, TNF-α and LPS Dehghan et al. (2014a)
Randomized controlled clinical trial 52 overweight/obese women with T2DM Patients received either 10 g/d of oligofructose-enriched inulin or maltodextrin (control) for 8 weeks oligofructose-enriched-Inulin: ↓ CRP, TNF-α and LPS Dehghan et al. (2014b)
Randomized crossover clinical trial 44 overweight/obese girls 8–15 years old Subjects received either whole-grain or control for 2 periods of 6 weeks with 4-week washout period Whole grain: ↓ CRP, ICAM-1 and leptin Hajihashemi et al. (2014)