ings it could reasonably by presume that MSC priming is a significant approach for treating pulmonary anomalies. In the light of above findings, herein, we propose that the mechanism of priming of MSC could be implied to the following: i) Licensing by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, etc., to enhance immunosuppressive potential; ii) Priming by non-cytokines stimuli such as hormones/growth factors like HGF to boost defensive and protective cellular mechanisms; iii) Pre-conditioning