expression of fitness markers and stimulate greater therapeutic outcome. For instance, reports suggest cytokine mediated activation of MSCs lead to strong immunosuppressive behavior, and thereby attenuation of lung injury in rodents [31, 33], however some contradictory findings are also available as no effective role of proinflammatory cytokine priming was observed on MSCs in a model of acute lung injury and ARDS [34]. Therefore, the effect of cytokine priming needs to be further verified to prove the efficacy of primed MSCs in lung anomalies. Besides cytokines, priming of MSCs by growth factors is also a potent mechanism for MSC activation before infusion in pulmonary diseases [35]. Likewise, hypoxia preconditioning can also improve the proliferation and therapeutic efficacy of MSCs, as evident in