Module III consists of GM3 d18:0/25:0 as the central hub connected to several PSs by purple (0/−) and blue lines (+/−). The connection between PSs and GM3s, which are not directly connected by endogenous lipid biosynthetic pathways, suggested that they might partake in common biological processes in a manner similar to BMPs and CEs as described above. In our study, while PUFA-PSs such as PS 38:4 and PS 40:4 were reduced in mild cases, numerous PS species including PS 40:4, PS 34:1, and PS 36:2 were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in severe compared to moderate cases (Figure S4). Plasma PSs were also increased (p = 0.0041) during recovery from COVID-19 (Figure S2).