Notably, a comprehensive protein–protein interaction (PPI) map of most viral proteins with the human proteome has been established to provide potentially novel targets for treatment employing already U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs via a process known as drug repurposing.26
Figure 1  SARS-CoV-2 viral life cycle and potential targets for nanomaterials. SARS-CoV-2 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on the host cell surface. Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) facilitates cellular entry through protease activity. Later, viral particles are internalized and enter into endosomes. Due to the low pH of endosomes, viral particles are uncoated and the viral genome is released for protein synthesis.