of pseudorabies, PEDV, EV71, and H9N2 viruses.181,182 This mechanism suggests that potentially similar antiviral effects could be offered by other negatively charged, sharp-edged 2D nanomaterials such as Ti3C2Tx MXene, which has shown promising bacterial inactivation effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species due to similar hypothesized mechanisms.118,183
Graphene derivatives linked to virus-specific antibodies have also been adopted in antiviral platforms based on antibody-mediated bind