In addition to metal NPs, graphene derivatives have also shown promising viral inactivation properties.174 For example, graphene oxide (GO) sheets and sulfated GO derivatives have been found to be effective against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infections, with viral binding and shielding as the two putative main inhibitory mechanisms.175 Thermally reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets functionalized with biocompatible hyperbranched polyglycerol (hPG) and then sulfated have also been generated as graphene-based heparin biomimetics.176−178 Sulfate-rich polymers like heparan sulfate and its equivalent soluble counterpart heparin are widely known as broad antiviral agents,179,180 but their use is limited due to their anticoagulant effects. Sulfated rGO-hPG sheets were found to be effective at inhibiting orthopoxvirus and herpesvirus strains, particularly in the early stages of the infection, although they could not prevent cell-to-cell spread. Additional antiviral activity of graphene derivatives has been attributed to the negative surface charges and sharp edges of the individualized sheets, as the electrostatic interactions promote binding with the positively charged virus particles. Negative charges on sharp-edged single-sheet GO and rGO were shown to bind and to suppress the infection of pseudorabies, PEDV, EV71, and H9N2 viruses.181,182 This mechanism suggests that potentially similar antiviral effects could be offered by other negatively charged, sharp-edged 2D nanomaterials such as Ti3C2Tx MXene, which has shown promising bacterial inactivation effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species due to similar hypothesized mechanisms.118,183