the innate immune signaling have been demonstrated.91 For example, nanomaterials such as GO can elicit an inflammasome sensor (NLRP3)-dependent expression of IL-1β in macrophages.93 Notably, alum, the most commonly used adjuvant in human vaccines, induces the release of this cytokine in macrophages through the same NRLP-induced mechanism. These results suggest that nanomaterial