ate surfactants (MF59) in the seasonal influenza vaccine for the elderly.76 The use of MF59 was further expanded to pandemic and avian influenza vaccines.77 Other adjuvants in licensed vaccines have been approved since 2000, as well: (a) AS03 (used for pandemic and avian influenza vaccines), similar to MF59, but including α-tocopherol as an additional immune stimulant; (b) AF 03 (used for pandemic influenza vaccines), an alternative squalene emulsion containing polyoxyethylene, cetostearyl ether, mannitol, and orbitan oleate;78 (c) AS 01 (used for herpes zoster vaccine), a liposome-based vaccine adjuvant