PMC:7279430 / 29591-53184 JSONTXT

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1 Essential oils showing antiviral activity.\nEssential Oil Major Components Assay IC50 (μg/mL) Reference\nAloysia gratissima (Gillies \u0026 Hook.) Tronc. caryophyllene oxide (15.8%), guaiol (17.4%) a, chrysanthenyl acetate (5.6%), and limonene oxide (5.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 65.0 [37]\nAloysia triphylla Royle α-thujone (22.9%), cis−carveol (17.5%), carvone (13.2%), and limonene (12.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e250 [38]\nArtemisia arborescens L. camphor (35.7%), β-thujone (24.0%), and chamazulene (7.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 25% inhibition at 100 μg/mL [39]\nArtemisia arborescens L. Artemisia arborescens L. β-thujone (45.0%), camphor (6.8%), and chamazulene (22.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 2.4, 4.1 [40]\nArtemisia douglasiana Besser α-thujone (68.3%) and β-thujone (7.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 83 [37]\nArtemisia kermanensis Podlech (syn. Seriphidium kermanense (Podlech) K. Bremer \u0026 Humphries α-thujone (13.8%), camphor (10.2%), and β-thujone (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 40 [41]\nArtemisia mendozana DC. camphor (22.4%), artemiseole (11.7%), artemisia alcohol (10.8%), and borneol (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 129.3, 178.6, and 153.7 [38]\nArtemisia princeps Pamp. borneol (12.1%), α-thujone (8.7%), τ−cadinol, (6.7%), and 1,8-cineole (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay, murine norovirus−1 64% inhibition at 0.01% [42]\nPlaque reduction assay, feline calicivirus−F9 48% inhibition at 0.1%\nArtemisia vulgaris L. α-thujone (38.1%), β-thujone (10.6%), and 1,8-cineole (8.8%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nAyapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M. King \u0026 H. Rob. thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether Plaque reduction assay (A549 cells), Zika virus 38.0 [44]\nBuddleja cordobensis Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (32.1%), β-caryophyllene (16.5%), and α-copaene (8.5%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 86.4, 39.0, and 54.1 [38]\nCedrus libani A. Rich. himachalol (22.5%), β-himachalene (21.9%), and α-himachalene (10.5%) Cytopathic effect (CPE) on Vero cells, HSV-1 440 [45]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) eugenol (75–85%), linalool (1.6−8.5%), (E)−cinnamaldehyde (0.6−1.5%), (E)−cinnamyl acetate (0.7–2.6%), β-caryophyllene (0.5–6.7%), eugenyl acetate (0.1–2.9%), and benzyl benzoate (0.1–8.3%) Influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) (E)−cinnamaldehyde (63.9%), eugenol (7.0%), and (E)−cinnamyl acetate (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 82 [47]\nCitrus × bergamia Risso \u0026 Poit. limonene (23–55%), linalool (2–37%), linalyl acetate (12–41%), β-pinene (up to 10%), and γ-terpinene (up to 10%) Influenza virus type A H1N1 100% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nCitrus limonum Risso limonene (54.6%), γ-terpinene (19.1%), and β-pinene (14.5%) d Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2500 [48]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (leaf EO) sabinene (40.5%), linalool (23.3%), and terpinen-4-ol (8.3%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 19.4% inhibition at 0.1 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (unripe fruit peel EO) limonene (82.4%) and linalool (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 61.5% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (ripe fruit peel EO) limonene (91.6%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 50% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCupressus sempervirens L. α-pinene (51.9%) and δ-3-carene (24.9%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 6600 [48]\nCymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf geranial (40.2%), neral (30.6%), and geraniol (6.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91 [48]\nCymbopogon flexuosus (Nees) Will. Watson geranial (48–54%) and neral (29–33%) Influenza virus type A (H1N1) [46]\nCynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr. ex H. Lév. (2E,4E)-decadienal (23.0%), γ-nonalactone (4.2%), 5-pentyl-2(3H)−furanone (3.8%), and 3-isopropyl-1-pentanol (3.5%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 64 [46]\nDysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin \u0026 Clemants cis-ascaridole (60.7%) and m-cymene (22.2%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 21.75 [49]\nEucalyptus astringens (Maiden) Maiden 1,8-cineole (42.0%), α-pinene (22.0%), and trans−pinocarveol (7.0%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus bicostata Maiden, Blakely \u0026 Simmonds 1,8-cineole (68.0%), globulol (5.4%), and trans−pinocarveol (4.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.6 [50]\nEucalyptus caesia Benth. 1,8-cineole (40.2%), p-cymene (14.1%), γ-terpinene (12.4%), α-pinene (7.7%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 70 [41]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Rotavirus Wa strain 50% inhibition at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 53.3% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, HSV-1 90% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, adenovirus type 7 0% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus cinereal F. Muell. ex Benth. 1,8-cineole (70.4%), α-pinene (4.5%), and limonene (3.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 1700 [48]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 55.0 [52]\nEucalyptus lehmannii (Schauer) Benth. 1,8-cineole (59.6%), α-pinene (17.6%), and α-terpineol (8.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 11.5 [50]\nEucalyptus leucoxylon F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (59.2%), α-pinene (7.8%), and α-terpineol (4.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 8.1 [50]\nEucalyptus maidenii F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (57.8%), p-cymene (7.4%), and α-pinene (7.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 14.5 [50]\nEucalyptus odorata Behr cryptone (20.9%), p-cymene (16.7%), phellandral (6.6%), and cuminal (6.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 19.2 [50]\nEucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Woolls 1,8-cineole (69.2%), α-pinene (6.9%), and α-terpineol (5.4%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 12.3 [50]\nEupatorium patens D. Don ex Hook. \u0026 Arn. germacrene D (36.2%), β-caryophyllene (14.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (7.0%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 125 [37]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (leaf EO) α-terpineol (55.5%), carvone (5.7%), carveol (5.5%), γ-muurolene (5.5%), and citronellal (5.0%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 6.77 [53]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (fruit EO) β-eudesmol (28.3%), α-muurolene (10.3%), β-gurjunene (10.0%), γ-eudesmol (8.4%), and γ-muurolene (6.6%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 38.89 [53]\nGaillardia megapotamica (Spreng.) Baker β-pinene (24.2%), (Z)-β-ocimene (16.5%), α-pinene (7.7%), limonene (7.5%), and β-caryophyllene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 140.6, 49.8, and 99.1 [38]\nHeterothalamus alienus (Spreng.) Kuntze β-pinene (35.5%), spathulenol (10.7%), and germacrene D (6.8%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 122.3, 44.2 and 148.4 [38]\nHeterotheca latifolia Buckley borneol (40.0%), camphor (24.3%), and limonene (5.1%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nHouttuynia cordata Thunb. decanal (3.4−8.9%), decanol (up to 7.0%), 2−undecanone (23.0−36.1%), decanoic acid (1.4−6.3%), dodecanal (up to 7.3%), and 2−tridecanone (2.6−5.6%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 48 [54]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. fenchone (17.1%), 1,8-cineole (12.6%), β-caryophyllene (10.9%), bicyclogermacrene (8.7%), and germacrene D (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 (Human Herpesvirus type 1) 79.01 [55]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. germacrene D (15.1%), β-caryophyllene (13.3%), curzerene (13.3%), and bicyclogermacrene (13.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells) \u003e150 [37]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [56]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 6 [57]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 40 [58]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [59]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 30 [57]\nJungia polita Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (9.2%) and β-caryophyllene (8.1%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.8, 134.2 and 136.4 [38]\nJuniperus communis L. α-pinene (46.7%), myrcene (15.0%), sabinene (13.2%), and limonene (7.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nLavandula angustifolia Mill. linalyl acetate (37.0−43.6%), linalool (19.7−39.1%), geraniol (up to 9.3%), β-caryophyllene (up to 5.1%), terpinene−4−ol (up to 14.9%), lavandulol (up to 1.5%), lavandulyl acetate (up to 5.5%), 1,8-cineole (up to 4.1%), and borneol (up to 6.4%) 85% in vitro inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nLavandula latifolia Medik. linalool (31.9%), 1,8-cineole (18.8%), and borneol (10.1%) g Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nLepechinia salviifolia (Kunth) Epling camphor (10.3%), limonene (9.7%), p−mentha−1(7),8−diene (7.4%), α-pinene (6.9%), and γ-terpinene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 68.8, 81.9 [55]\nLepechinia vulcanicola J.R.I. Wood limonene (18.9%), germacrene D (10.4%), 1−octen−3−ol (8.8%), β-caryophyllene (8.7%), and α-pinene (8.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 112, 68.9 [55]\nLeptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. \u0026 G. Forst. calamene (16.0%), leptospermone (14.5%), δ−cadinene (6.1%), flavesone (4.5%), viridiflorene (4.4%), and isoleptospermone (3.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 0.96, 0.58 [60]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (51.0%), Limonene (33%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (7.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 10.1, 0.4, 32.6, 21.1, 4.9 [61]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 4.3 [62]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 1.9, 2.9, 2.6, 33.7, 5.7 [61]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 19.4 [62]\nLippia graveolens Kunth carvacrol (56.8%), o−cymene (32.1%), and γ-terpinene (3.7%) h MTT assay (Mardin−Darby bovine kidney cells), HSV-1, ACVR−HSV-1 (acyclovir−resistant HSV-1), HRSV (human respiratory syncytial virus) 99.6, 55.9, 68.0 [63]\nLippia junelliana (Moldenke) Tronc. piperitenone oxide (= rotundifolone) (36.5%), limonene (23.1%), camphor (7.9%), and spathulenol (6.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nLippia origanoides carvacrol (44.0%), thymol (15.0%), and γ-terpinene (10.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 11.1 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia turbinata Griseb. limonene (60.6%), piperitenone oxide (17.4%), and β-caryophyllene (6.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e 150 [37]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9–11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 0.3 [58]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9−11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1.5 [57]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (36.71%), γ-terpinene (22.20%), and α-terpinene (10.10%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A⁄PR ⁄ 8 virus subtype H1N1 60 [31]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (30–48%), γ-terpinene (10–28%), α-terpinene (5–13%), 1,8-cineole (up to 15%), terpinolene (1.5−5%), p-cymene (0.5–12%), α-pinene (1–6%), and α-terpineol (1.5–8%) 100% inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) virus at 0.01%; type A (H11N9) virus to tea tree oil vapor caused 100% inhibition [46]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 13.2 [64]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [52]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 2700 [47]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 significant plaque reduction at 10 and 5% v/v [65]\nMelaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm. 1,8-cineole (33.9%), terpinen-4-ol (18.8%), and γ-terpinene (10.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 99% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca ericifolia Sm. methyl eugenol (96.84%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91.5% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. 1,8-cineole (64.3%), α-terpineol (11.0%), and valencene (3.91%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 92% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelissa officinalis L. neral (17−32%), geranial (23–43%), linalool (up to 9.0%), citronellal (0.7–20.3%), geraniol (up to 23.2%), β-caryophyllene (up to 11.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (0.4−31.7%) influenza A virus (H9N2) Significant reduction at 5 μg/mL [46]\nMelissa officinalis L. β-cubebene (15.4%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%), α-cadinol (7.2%), geranial (6.6%), and neral (5.8%) Plaque reduction assay (HEp−2 cells), HSV-2 21 [67]\nMelissa officinalis L. geranial (20.1%), β-caryophyllene (17.3%), and neral (13.6%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 4, 0.8 [68]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (42.8%), menthone (14.6%), and isomenthone (5.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 20, 8 [69]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (43.8%), menthone (19.7%), menthyl acetate (6.5%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. limonene (7.4%), isopulegol (12.0%), and piperitenone oxide (41.8%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.87 [70]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. piperitenone oxide (86.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 5.1 [64]\nMinthostachys mollis Griseb. cis−piperitone epoxide (29.9%), piperitenone oxide (25.6%), menthone (7.4%), germacrene D (5.8%), and pulegone (5.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 70.7, 68.0 [55]\nOcimum basilicum var. album (L.) Benth. linalool (53.8%) and eugenol (12.6%) j Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nOcimum campechianum Mill. methyl eugenol (53.9%), β-caryophyllene (13.0%), α-bulnesene (5.4%), germacrene D (3.4%), and α-humulene (3.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 74.33 [55]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (leaf EO) p-cymene (16.2%), γ-terpinene (13.5%), thymol (14.2%), and carvacrol (19.2%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.37 [70]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (inflorescence EO) p-cymene (16.1%), γ-terpinene (7.3%), and carvacrol (40.1%), Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.75 [70]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 520 [47]\nOriganum vulgare L. trans−sabinene hydrate (21.0%), thymol (11.0%), and carvacrol methyl ether (11.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nOsmunda regalis L. hexahydrofarnesyl acetone ( = phytone) (11.8%), 2,4−di−t−butylphenol (6.8%), phytol (6.5%), hexadecene (4.1%), and octadecene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 type 2 2.24 [71]\nPectis odorata Griseb. limonene (50.2%), neral (27.2%), and geranial (23.6%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.6, 36.6, and 71.5 [38]\nPelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Aiton citronellol (21.9–37.5%), citronellyl formate (9.8–20.6%), geraniol (6.0–16.5%), geranyl formate (1.5–6.5%), menthone (up to 13%), isomenthone (up to 9.9%), and linalool (0.8−14.9%) influenza type A (H1N1) 95% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nPinus mugo Turra δ-3-carene (23.9%), α-pinene (17.9%), β-pinene (7.8%), and β-phellandrene (7.2%) k Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 7 [58]\nRavensara aromatica Sonn. (syn. Cryptocarya agathophylla van der Werff) 1,8-cineole (52.6%), α-terpineol (12.4%), and sabinene (11.0%) l Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. α-pinene (23.9%), verbenone (15.4%), camphor (11.0%), camphene (8.7%), p-cymene (7.5%), and 3−octanone (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 60 [41]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. 1,8-cineole (45.9%), α-pinene (12.0%), camphor (10.9%), and β-pinene (6.3%) b Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nSalvia fruticosa Mill. 1,8-cineole (47.5%), camphor (9.0%), β-thujone (7.6%), and α-thujone (4.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 1300 [72]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 22.7, 45.3 [73]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 5 [57]\nSantolina insularis (Gennari ex Fiori) Arrigoni artemisia ketone (21.2%), allo−aromadendrene (12.7%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%), and camphene (8.5%) m Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 0.88, 0.7 [74]\nSatureja hortensis L. carvacrol (32.4%), γ-terpinene (32.0%), thymol (10.0%), and p-cymene (6.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 80 [41]\nTessaria absinthioides (Hook. \u0026 Arn.) DC. caryophyllene oxide (12.2%), (E)-β-damascenone, γ-eudesmol (8.5%), α-gurjunene (5.8%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 105 [37]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (unripe fruit EO) carvacrol (68.6%), p-cymene (4.8%), γ-terpinene (3.0%), and β-caryophyllene (2.9%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.49 [70]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (ripe fruit EO) carvacrol (58.8%), p-cymene (5.6%), γ-terpinene (2.8%), and β-caryophyllene (2.6%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.50 [70]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (31–50%), p-cymene (0.1–26.6%), and γ-terpinene (up to 22.8%) 100% inhibition of type A (H1N1) virus at 0.3% concentration [46]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 10 [56]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 11 [52]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 7 [57]\nThymus willdenowii Boiss. 1,8-cineole (34.62%), camphor (18.55%), α-pinene (9.46%), and camphene (5.38%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus Inactive [75]\nTrachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague thymol (35–60%), α-pinene, p-cymene, and limonene Plaque reduction assay, Japanese encephalitis virus 80% reduction at 500 μg/mL [76]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (47.3%), carvacrol (21.9%), p-cymene (8.6%), γ-terpinene (4.2%), and β-caryophyllene (3.0%) Real time PCR (H9N2 subtype of AIV) Reduced viral replication in trachea of broiler chickens [77]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (33.1%), carvacrol (25.9%), and p-cymene (11.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 30 [41]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (32.1%), ar−curcumene (15.2%), β-sesquiphellandrene (10.9%), α-farnesene (7.2%), and α-phellandrene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Caprine alphaherpesvirus type I not determined [78]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1 [57]\na Reported as cadinol, but see [79,80]. b Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [81]. c Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition of commercial (dōTERRA International, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA). d Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [82]. e Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [83]. f Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [84]. g Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [85]. h Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [86]. i Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [87]. j Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [88]. k Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [89]. l Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [90]. m Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [91]."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":11682,"end":11688},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":19975,"end":19981},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":20186,"end":20192},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":20395,"end":20401},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":20553,"end":20559},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":20730,"end":20736},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":20907,"end":20913},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":21083,"end":21089},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":21609,"end":21616},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A12","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002113"},{"id":"A13","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002370"},{"id":"A14","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002370"},{"id":"A15","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002370"},{"id":"A16","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002370"},{"id":"A17","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002370"},{"id":"A18","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002370"},{"id":"A19","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002370"},{"id":"A20","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003126"}],"text":"Table 1 Essential oils showing antiviral activity.\nEssential Oil Major Components Assay IC50 (μg/mL) Reference\nAloysia gratissima (Gillies \u0026 Hook.) Tronc. caryophyllene oxide (15.8%), guaiol (17.4%) a, chrysanthenyl acetate (5.6%), and limonene oxide (5.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 65.0 [37]\nAloysia triphylla Royle α-thujone (22.9%), cis−carveol (17.5%), carvone (13.2%), and limonene (12.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e250 [38]\nArtemisia arborescens L. camphor (35.7%), β-thujone (24.0%), and chamazulene (7.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 25% inhibition at 100 μg/mL [39]\nArtemisia arborescens L. Artemisia arborescens L. β-thujone (45.0%), camphor (6.8%), and chamazulene (22.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 2.4, 4.1 [40]\nArtemisia douglasiana Besser α-thujone (68.3%) and β-thujone (7.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 83 [37]\nArtemisia kermanensis Podlech (syn. Seriphidium kermanense (Podlech) K. Bremer \u0026 Humphries α-thujone (13.8%), camphor (10.2%), and β-thujone (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 40 [41]\nArtemisia mendozana DC. camphor (22.4%), artemiseole (11.7%), artemisia alcohol (10.8%), and borneol (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 129.3, 178.6, and 153.7 [38]\nArtemisia princeps Pamp. borneol (12.1%), α-thujone (8.7%), τ−cadinol, (6.7%), and 1,8-cineole (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay, murine norovirus−1 64% inhibition at 0.01% [42]\nPlaque reduction assay, feline calicivirus−F9 48% inhibition at 0.1%\nArtemisia vulgaris L. α-thujone (38.1%), β-thujone (10.6%), and 1,8-cineole (8.8%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nAyapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M. King \u0026 H. Rob. thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether Plaque reduction assay (A549 cells), Zika virus 38.0 [44]\nBuddleja cordobensis Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (32.1%), β-caryophyllene (16.5%), and α-copaene (8.5%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 86.4, 39.0, and 54.1 [38]\nCedrus libani A. Rich. himachalol (22.5%), β-himachalene (21.9%), and α-himachalene (10.5%) Cytopathic effect (CPE) on Vero cells, HSV-1 440 [45]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) eugenol (75–85%), linalool (1.6−8.5%), (E)−cinnamaldehyde (0.6−1.5%), (E)−cinnamyl acetate (0.7–2.6%), β-caryophyllene (0.5–6.7%), eugenyl acetate (0.1–2.9%), and benzyl benzoate (0.1–8.3%) Influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) (E)−cinnamaldehyde (63.9%), eugenol (7.0%), and (E)−cinnamyl acetate (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 82 [47]\nCitrus × bergamia Risso \u0026 Poit. limonene (23–55%), linalool (2–37%), linalyl acetate (12–41%), β-pinene (up to 10%), and γ-terpinene (up to 10%) Influenza virus type A H1N1 100% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nCitrus limonum Risso limonene (54.6%), γ-terpinene (19.1%), and β-pinene (14.5%) d Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2500 [48]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (leaf EO) sabinene (40.5%), linalool (23.3%), and terpinen-4-ol (8.3%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 19.4% inhibition at 0.1 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (unripe fruit peel EO) limonene (82.4%) and linalool (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 61.5% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (ripe fruit peel EO) limonene (91.6%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 50% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCupressus sempervirens L. α-pinene (51.9%) and δ-3-carene (24.9%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 6600 [48]\nCymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf geranial (40.2%), neral (30.6%), and geraniol (6.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91 [48]\nCymbopogon flexuosus (Nees) Will. Watson geranial (48–54%) and neral (29–33%) Influenza virus type A (H1N1) [46]\nCynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr. ex H. Lév. (2E,4E)-decadienal (23.0%), γ-nonalactone (4.2%), 5-pentyl-2(3H)−furanone (3.8%), and 3-isopropyl-1-pentanol (3.5%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 64 [46]\nDysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin \u0026 Clemants cis-ascaridole (60.7%) and m-cymene (22.2%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 21.75 [49]\nEucalyptus astringens (Maiden) Maiden 1,8-cineole (42.0%), α-pinene (22.0%), and trans−pinocarveol (7.0%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus bicostata Maiden, Blakely \u0026 Simmonds 1,8-cineole (68.0%), globulol (5.4%), and trans−pinocarveol (4.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.6 [50]\nEucalyptus caesia Benth. 1,8-cineole (40.2%), p-cymene (14.1%), γ-terpinene (12.4%), α-pinene (7.7%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 70 [41]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Rotavirus Wa strain 50% inhibition at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 53.3% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, HSV-1 90% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, adenovirus type 7 0% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus cinereal F. Muell. ex Benth. 1,8-cineole (70.4%), α-pinene (4.5%), and limonene (3.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 1700 [48]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 55.0 [52]\nEucalyptus lehmannii (Schauer) Benth. 1,8-cineole (59.6%), α-pinene (17.6%), and α-terpineol (8.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 11.5 [50]\nEucalyptus leucoxylon F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (59.2%), α-pinene (7.8%), and α-terpineol (4.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 8.1 [50]\nEucalyptus maidenii F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (57.8%), p-cymene (7.4%), and α-pinene (7.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 14.5 [50]\nEucalyptus odorata Behr cryptone (20.9%), p-cymene (16.7%), phellandral (6.6%), and cuminal (6.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 19.2 [50]\nEucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Woolls 1,8-cineole (69.2%), α-pinene (6.9%), and α-terpineol (5.4%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 12.3 [50]\nEupatorium patens D. Don ex Hook. \u0026 Arn. germacrene D (36.2%), β-caryophyllene (14.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (7.0%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 125 [37]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (leaf EO) α-terpineol (55.5%), carvone (5.7%), carveol (5.5%), γ-muurolene (5.5%), and citronellal (5.0%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 6.77 [53]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (fruit EO) β-eudesmol (28.3%), α-muurolene (10.3%), β-gurjunene (10.0%), γ-eudesmol (8.4%), and γ-muurolene (6.6%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 38.89 [53]\nGaillardia megapotamica (Spreng.) Baker β-pinene (24.2%), (Z)-β-ocimene (16.5%), α-pinene (7.7%), limonene (7.5%), and β-caryophyllene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 140.6, 49.8, and 99.1 [38]\nHeterothalamus alienus (Spreng.) Kuntze β-pinene (35.5%), spathulenol (10.7%), and germacrene D (6.8%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 122.3, 44.2 and 148.4 [38]\nHeterotheca latifolia Buckley borneol (40.0%), camphor (24.3%), and limonene (5.1%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nHouttuynia cordata Thunb. decanal (3.4−8.9%), decanol (up to 7.0%), 2−undecanone (23.0−36.1%), decanoic acid (1.4−6.3%), dodecanal (up to 7.3%), and 2−tridecanone (2.6−5.6%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 48 [54]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. fenchone (17.1%), 1,8-cineole (12.6%), β-caryophyllene (10.9%), bicyclogermacrene (8.7%), and germacrene D (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 (Human Herpesvirus type 1) 79.01 [55]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. germacrene D (15.1%), β-caryophyllene (13.3%), curzerene (13.3%), and bicyclogermacrene (13.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells) \u003e150 [37]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [56]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 6 [57]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 40 [58]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [59]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 30 [57]\nJungia polita Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (9.2%) and β-caryophyllene (8.1%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.8, 134.2 and 136.4 [38]\nJuniperus communis L. α-pinene (46.7%), myrcene (15.0%), sabinene (13.2%), and limonene (7.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nLavandula angustifolia Mill. linalyl acetate (37.0−43.6%), linalool (19.7−39.1%), geraniol (up to 9.3%), β-caryophyllene (up to 5.1%), terpinene−4−ol (up to 14.9%), lavandulol (up to 1.5%), lavandulyl acetate (up to 5.5%), 1,8-cineole (up to 4.1%), and borneol (up to 6.4%) 85% in vitro inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nLavandula latifolia Medik. linalool (31.9%), 1,8-cineole (18.8%), and borneol (10.1%) g Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nLepechinia salviifolia (Kunth) Epling camphor (10.3%), limonene (9.7%), p−mentha−1(7),8−diene (7.4%), α-pinene (6.9%), and γ-terpinene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 68.8, 81.9 [55]\nLepechinia vulcanicola J.R.I. Wood limonene (18.9%), germacrene D (10.4%), 1−octen−3−ol (8.8%), β-caryophyllene (8.7%), and α-pinene (8.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 112, 68.9 [55]\nLeptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. \u0026 G. Forst. calamene (16.0%), leptospermone (14.5%), δ−cadinene (6.1%), flavesone (4.5%), viridiflorene (4.4%), and isoleptospermone (3.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 0.96, 0.58 [60]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (51.0%), Limonene (33%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (7.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 10.1, 0.4, 32.6, 21.1, 4.9 [61]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 4.3 [62]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 1.9, 2.9, 2.6, 33.7, 5.7 [61]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 19.4 [62]\nLippia graveolens Kunth carvacrol (56.8%), o−cymene (32.1%), and γ-terpinene (3.7%) h MTT assay (Mardin−Darby bovine kidney cells), HSV-1, ACVR−HSV-1 (acyclovir−resistant HSV-1), HRSV (human respiratory syncytial virus) 99.6, 55.9, 68.0 [63]\nLippia junelliana (Moldenke) Tronc. piperitenone oxide (= rotundifolone) (36.5%), limonene (23.1%), camphor (7.9%), and spathulenol (6.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nLippia origanoides carvacrol (44.0%), thymol (15.0%), and γ-terpinene (10.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 11.1 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia turbinata Griseb. limonene (60.6%), piperitenone oxide (17.4%), and β-caryophyllene (6.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e 150 [37]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9–11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 0.3 [58]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9−11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1.5 [57]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (36.71%), γ-terpinene (22.20%), and α-terpinene (10.10%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A⁄PR ⁄ 8 virus subtype H1N1 60 [31]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (30–48%), γ-terpinene (10–28%), α-terpinene (5–13%), 1,8-cineole (up to 15%), terpinolene (1.5−5%), p-cymene (0.5–12%), α-pinene (1–6%), and α-terpineol (1.5–8%) 100% inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) virus at 0.01%; type A (H11N9) virus to tea tree oil vapor caused 100% inhibition [46]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 13.2 [64]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [52]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 2700 [47]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 significant plaque reduction at 10 and 5% v/v [65]\nMelaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm. 1,8-cineole (33.9%), terpinen-4-ol (18.8%), and γ-terpinene (10.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 99% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca ericifolia Sm. methyl eugenol (96.84%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91.5% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. 1,8-cineole (64.3%), α-terpineol (11.0%), and valencene (3.91%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 92% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelissa officinalis L. neral (17−32%), geranial (23–43%), linalool (up to 9.0%), citronellal (0.7–20.3%), geraniol (up to 23.2%), β-caryophyllene (up to 11.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (0.4−31.7%) influenza A virus (H9N2) Significant reduction at 5 μg/mL [46]\nMelissa officinalis L. β-cubebene (15.4%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%), α-cadinol (7.2%), geranial (6.6%), and neral (5.8%) Plaque reduction assay (HEp−2 cells), HSV-2 21 [67]\nMelissa officinalis L. geranial (20.1%), β-caryophyllene (17.3%), and neral (13.6%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 4, 0.8 [68]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (42.8%), menthone (14.6%), and isomenthone (5.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 20, 8 [69]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (43.8%), menthone (19.7%), menthyl acetate (6.5%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. limonene (7.4%), isopulegol (12.0%), and piperitenone oxide (41.8%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.87 [70]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. piperitenone oxide (86.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 5.1 [64]\nMinthostachys mollis Griseb. cis−piperitone epoxide (29.9%), piperitenone oxide (25.6%), menthone (7.4%), germacrene D (5.8%), and pulegone (5.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 70.7, 68.0 [55]\nOcimum basilicum var. album (L.) Benth. linalool (53.8%) and eugenol (12.6%) j Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nOcimum campechianum Mill. methyl eugenol (53.9%), β-caryophyllene (13.0%), α-bulnesene (5.4%), germacrene D (3.4%), and α-humulene (3.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 74.33 [55]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (leaf EO) p-cymene (16.2%), γ-terpinene (13.5%), thymol (14.2%), and carvacrol (19.2%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.37 [70]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (inflorescence EO) p-cymene (16.1%), γ-terpinene (7.3%), and carvacrol (40.1%), Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.75 [70]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 520 [47]\nOriganum vulgare L. trans−sabinene hydrate (21.0%), thymol (11.0%), and carvacrol methyl ether (11.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nOsmunda regalis L. hexahydrofarnesyl acetone ( = phytone) (11.8%), 2,4−di−t−butylphenol (6.8%), phytol (6.5%), hexadecene (4.1%), and octadecene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 type 2 2.24 [71]\nPectis odorata Griseb. limonene (50.2%), neral (27.2%), and geranial (23.6%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.6, 36.6, and 71.5 [38]\nPelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Aiton citronellol (21.9–37.5%), citronellyl formate (9.8–20.6%), geraniol (6.0–16.5%), geranyl formate (1.5–6.5%), menthone (up to 13%), isomenthone (up to 9.9%), and linalool (0.8−14.9%) influenza type A (H1N1) 95% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nPinus mugo Turra δ-3-carene (23.9%), α-pinene (17.9%), β-pinene (7.8%), and β-phellandrene (7.2%) k Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 7 [58]\nRavensara aromatica Sonn. (syn. Cryptocarya agathophylla van der Werff) 1,8-cineole (52.6%), α-terpineol (12.4%), and sabinene (11.0%) l Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. α-pinene (23.9%), verbenone (15.4%), camphor (11.0%), camphene (8.7%), p-cymene (7.5%), and 3−octanone (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 60 [41]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. 1,8-cineole (45.9%), α-pinene (12.0%), camphor (10.9%), and β-pinene (6.3%) b Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nSalvia fruticosa Mill. 1,8-cineole (47.5%), camphor (9.0%), β-thujone (7.6%), and α-thujone (4.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 1300 [72]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 22.7, 45.3 [73]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 5 [57]\nSantolina insularis (Gennari ex Fiori) Arrigoni artemisia ketone (21.2%), allo−aromadendrene (12.7%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%), and camphene (8.5%) m Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 0.88, 0.7 [74]\nSatureja hortensis L. carvacrol (32.4%), γ-terpinene (32.0%), thymol (10.0%), and p-cymene (6.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 80 [41]\nTessaria absinthioides (Hook. \u0026 Arn.) DC. caryophyllene oxide (12.2%), (E)-β-damascenone, γ-eudesmol (8.5%), α-gurjunene (5.8%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 105 [37]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (unripe fruit EO) carvacrol (68.6%), p-cymene (4.8%), γ-terpinene (3.0%), and β-caryophyllene (2.9%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.49 [70]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (ripe fruit EO) carvacrol (58.8%), p-cymene (5.6%), γ-terpinene (2.8%), and β-caryophyllene (2.6%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.50 [70]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (31–50%), p-cymene (0.1–26.6%), and γ-terpinene (up to 22.8%) 100% inhibition of type A (H1N1) virus at 0.3% concentration [46]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 10 [56]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 11 [52]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 7 [57]\nThymus willdenowii Boiss. 1,8-cineole (34.62%), camphor (18.55%), α-pinene (9.46%), and camphene (5.38%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus Inactive [75]\nTrachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague thymol (35–60%), α-pinene, p-cymene, and limonene Plaque reduction assay, Japanese encephalitis virus 80% reduction at 500 μg/mL [76]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (47.3%), carvacrol (21.9%), p-cymene (8.6%), γ-terpinene (4.2%), and β-caryophyllene (3.0%) Real time PCR (H9N2 subtype of AIV) Reduced viral replication in trachea of broiler chickens [77]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (33.1%), carvacrol (25.9%), and p-cymene (11.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 30 [41]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (32.1%), ar−curcumene (15.2%), β-sesquiphellandrene (10.9%), α-farnesene (7.2%), and α-phellandrene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Caprine alphaherpesvirus type I not determined [78]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1 [57]\na Reported as cadinol, but see [79,80]. b Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [81]. c Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition of commercial (dōTERRA International, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA). d Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [82]. e Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [83]. f Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [84]. g Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [85]. h Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [86]. i Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [87]. j Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [88]. k Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [89]. l Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [90]. m Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [91]."}

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1 Essential oils showing antiviral activity.\nEssential Oil Major Components Assay IC50 (μg/mL) Reference\nAloysia gratissima (Gillies \u0026 Hook.) Tronc. caryophyllene oxide (15.8%), guaiol (17.4%) a, chrysanthenyl acetate (5.6%), and limonene oxide (5.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 65.0 [37]\nAloysia triphylla Royle α-thujone (22.9%), cis−carveol (17.5%), carvone (13.2%), and limonene (12.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e250 [38]\nArtemisia arborescens L. camphor (35.7%), β-thujone (24.0%), and chamazulene (7.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 25% inhibition at 100 μg/mL [39]\nArtemisia arborescens L. Artemisia arborescens L. β-thujone (45.0%), camphor (6.8%), and chamazulene (22.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 2.4, 4.1 [40]\nArtemisia douglasiana Besser α-thujone (68.3%) and β-thujone (7.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 83 [37]\nArtemisia kermanensis Podlech (syn. Seriphidium kermanense (Podlech) K. Bremer \u0026 Humphries α-thujone (13.8%), camphor (10.2%), and β-thujone (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 40 [41]\nArtemisia mendozana DC. camphor (22.4%), artemiseole (11.7%), artemisia alcohol (10.8%), and borneol (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 129.3, 178.6, and 153.7 [38]\nArtemisia princeps Pamp. borneol (12.1%), α-thujone (8.7%), τ−cadinol, (6.7%), and 1,8-cineole (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay, murine norovirus−1 64% inhibition at 0.01% [42]\nPlaque reduction assay, feline calicivirus−F9 48% inhibition at 0.1%\nArtemisia vulgaris L. α-thujone (38.1%), β-thujone (10.6%), and 1,8-cineole (8.8%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nAyapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M. King \u0026 H. Rob. thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether Plaque reduction assay (A549 cells), Zika virus 38.0 [44]\nBuddleja cordobensis Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (32.1%), β-caryophyllene (16.5%), and α-copaene (8.5%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 86.4, 39.0, and 54.1 [38]\nCedrus libani A. Rich. himachalol (22.5%), β-himachalene (21.9%), and α-himachalene (10.5%) Cytopathic effect (CPE) on Vero cells, HSV-1 440 [45]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) eugenol (75–85%), linalool (1.6−8.5%), (E)−cinnamaldehyde (0.6−1.5%), (E)−cinnamyl acetate (0.7–2.6%), β-caryophyllene (0.5–6.7%), eugenyl acetate (0.1–2.9%), and benzyl benzoate (0.1–8.3%) Influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) (E)−cinnamaldehyde (63.9%), eugenol (7.0%), and (E)−cinnamyl acetate (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 82 [47]\nCitrus × bergamia Risso \u0026 Poit. limonene (23–55%), linalool (2–37%), linalyl acetate (12–41%), β-pinene (up to 10%), and γ-terpinene (up to 10%) Influenza virus type A H1N1 100% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nCitrus limonum Risso limonene (54.6%), γ-terpinene (19.1%), and β-pinene (14.5%) d Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2500 [48]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (leaf EO) sabinene (40.5%), linalool (23.3%), and terpinen-4-ol (8.3%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 19.4% inhibition at 0.1 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (unripe fruit peel EO) limonene (82.4%) and linalool (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 61.5% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (ripe fruit peel EO) limonene (91.6%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 50% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCupressus sempervirens L. α-pinene (51.9%) and δ-3-carene (24.9%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 6600 [48]\nCymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf geranial (40.2%), neral (30.6%), and geraniol (6.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91 [48]\nCymbopogon flexuosus (Nees) Will. Watson geranial (48–54%) and neral (29–33%) Influenza virus type A (H1N1) [46]\nCynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr. ex H. Lév. (2E,4E)-decadienal (23.0%), γ-nonalactone (4.2%), 5-pentyl-2(3H)−furanone (3.8%), and 3-isopropyl-1-pentanol (3.5%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 64 [46]\nDysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin \u0026 Clemants cis-ascaridole (60.7%) and m-cymene (22.2%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 21.75 [49]\nEucalyptus astringens (Maiden) Maiden 1,8-cineole (42.0%), α-pinene (22.0%), and trans−pinocarveol (7.0%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus bicostata Maiden, Blakely \u0026 Simmonds 1,8-cineole (68.0%), globulol (5.4%), and trans−pinocarveol (4.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.6 [50]\nEucalyptus caesia Benth. 1,8-cineole (40.2%), p-cymene (14.1%), γ-terpinene (12.4%), α-pinene (7.7%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 70 [41]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Rotavirus Wa strain 50% inhibition at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 53.3% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, HSV-1 90% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, adenovirus type 7 0% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus cinereal F. Muell. ex Benth. 1,8-cineole (70.4%), α-pinene (4.5%), and limonene (3.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 1700 [48]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 55.0 [52]\nEucalyptus lehmannii (Schauer) Benth. 1,8-cineole (59.6%), α-pinene (17.6%), and α-terpineol (8.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 11.5 [50]\nEucalyptus leucoxylon F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (59.2%), α-pinene (7.8%), and α-terpineol (4.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 8.1 [50]\nEucalyptus maidenii F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (57.8%), p-cymene (7.4%), and α-pinene (7.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 14.5 [50]\nEucalyptus odorata Behr cryptone (20.9%), p-cymene (16.7%), phellandral (6.6%), and cuminal (6.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 19.2 [50]\nEucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Woolls 1,8-cineole (69.2%), α-pinene (6.9%), and α-terpineol (5.4%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 12.3 [50]\nEupatorium patens D. Don ex Hook. \u0026 Arn. germacrene D (36.2%), β-caryophyllene (14.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (7.0%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 125 [37]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (leaf EO) α-terpineol (55.5%), carvone (5.7%), carveol (5.5%), γ-muurolene (5.5%), and citronellal (5.0%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 6.77 [53]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (fruit EO) β-eudesmol (28.3%), α-muurolene (10.3%), β-gurjunene (10.0%), γ-eudesmol (8.4%), and γ-muurolene (6.6%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 38.89 [53]\nGaillardia megapotamica (Spreng.) Baker β-pinene (24.2%), (Z)-β-ocimene (16.5%), α-pinene (7.7%), limonene (7.5%), and β-caryophyllene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 140.6, 49.8, and 99.1 [38]\nHeterothalamus alienus (Spreng.) Kuntze β-pinene (35.5%), spathulenol (10.7%), and germacrene D (6.8%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 122.3, 44.2 and 148.4 [38]\nHeterotheca latifolia Buckley borneol (40.0%), camphor (24.3%), and limonene (5.1%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nHouttuynia cordata Thunb. decanal (3.4−8.9%), decanol (up to 7.0%), 2−undecanone (23.0−36.1%), decanoic acid (1.4−6.3%), dodecanal (up to 7.3%), and 2−tridecanone (2.6−5.6%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 48 [54]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. fenchone (17.1%), 1,8-cineole (12.6%), β-caryophyllene (10.9%), bicyclogermacrene (8.7%), and germacrene D (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 (Human Herpesvirus type 1) 79.01 [55]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. germacrene D (15.1%), β-caryophyllene (13.3%), curzerene (13.3%), and bicyclogermacrene (13.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells) \u003e150 [37]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [56]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 6 [57]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 40 [58]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [59]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 30 [57]\nJungia polita Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (9.2%) and β-caryophyllene (8.1%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.8, 134.2 and 136.4 [38]\nJuniperus communis L. α-pinene (46.7%), myrcene (15.0%), sabinene (13.2%), and limonene (7.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nLavandula angustifolia Mill. linalyl acetate (37.0−43.6%), linalool (19.7−39.1%), geraniol (up to 9.3%), β-caryophyllene (up to 5.1%), terpinene−4−ol (up to 14.9%), lavandulol (up to 1.5%), lavandulyl acetate (up to 5.5%), 1,8-cineole (up to 4.1%), and borneol (up to 6.4%) 85% in vitro inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nLavandula latifolia Medik. linalool (31.9%), 1,8-cineole (18.8%), and borneol (10.1%) g Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nLepechinia salviifolia (Kunth) Epling camphor (10.3%), limonene (9.7%), p−mentha−1(7),8−diene (7.4%), α-pinene (6.9%), and γ-terpinene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 68.8, 81.9 [55]\nLepechinia vulcanicola J.R.I. Wood limonene (18.9%), germacrene D (10.4%), 1−octen−3−ol (8.8%), β-caryophyllene (8.7%), and α-pinene (8.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 112, 68.9 [55]\nLeptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. \u0026 G. Forst. calamene (16.0%), leptospermone (14.5%), δ−cadinene (6.1%), flavesone (4.5%), viridiflorene (4.4%), and isoleptospermone (3.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 0.96, 0.58 [60]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (51.0%), Limonene (33%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (7.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 10.1, 0.4, 32.6, 21.1, 4.9 [61]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 4.3 [62]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 1.9, 2.9, 2.6, 33.7, 5.7 [61]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 19.4 [62]\nLippia graveolens Kunth carvacrol (56.8%), o−cymene (32.1%), and γ-terpinene (3.7%) h MTT assay (Mardin−Darby bovine kidney cells), HSV-1, ACVR−HSV-1 (acyclovir−resistant HSV-1), HRSV (human respiratory syncytial virus) 99.6, 55.9, 68.0 [63]\nLippia junelliana (Moldenke) Tronc. piperitenone oxide (= rotundifolone) (36.5%), limonene (23.1%), camphor (7.9%), and spathulenol (6.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nLippia origanoides carvacrol (44.0%), thymol (15.0%), and γ-terpinene (10.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 11.1 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia turbinata Griseb. limonene (60.6%), piperitenone oxide (17.4%), and β-caryophyllene (6.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e 150 [37]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9–11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 0.3 [58]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9−11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1.5 [57]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (36.71%), γ-terpinene (22.20%), and α-terpinene (10.10%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A⁄PR ⁄ 8 virus subtype H1N1 60 [31]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (30–48%), γ-terpinene (10–28%), α-terpinene (5–13%), 1,8-cineole (up to 15%), terpinolene (1.5−5%), p-cymene (0.5–12%), α-pinene (1–6%), and α-terpineol (1.5–8%) 100% inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) virus at 0.01%; type A (H11N9) virus to tea tree oil vapor caused 100% inhibition [46]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 13.2 [64]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [52]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 2700 [47]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 significant plaque reduction at 10 and 5% v/v [65]\nMelaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm. 1,8-cineole (33.9%), terpinen-4-ol (18.8%), and γ-terpinene (10.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 99% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca ericifolia Sm. methyl eugenol (96.84%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91.5% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. 1,8-cineole (64.3%), α-terpineol (11.0%), and valencene (3.91%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 92% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelissa officinalis L. neral (17−32%), geranial (23–43%), linalool (up to 9.0%), citronellal (0.7–20.3%), geraniol (up to 23.2%), β-caryophyllene (up to 11.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (0.4−31.7%) influenza A virus (H9N2) Significant reduction at 5 μg/mL [46]\nMelissa officinalis L. β-cubebene (15.4%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%), α-cadinol (7.2%), geranial (6.6%), and neral (5.8%) Plaque reduction assay (HEp−2 cells), HSV-2 21 [67]\nMelissa officinalis L. geranial (20.1%), β-caryophyllene (17.3%), and neral (13.6%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 4, 0.8 [68]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (42.8%), menthone (14.6%), and isomenthone (5.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 20, 8 [69]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (43.8%), menthone (19.7%), menthyl acetate (6.5%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. limonene (7.4%), isopulegol (12.0%), and piperitenone oxide (41.8%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.87 [70]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. piperitenone oxide (86.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 5.1 [64]\nMinthostachys mollis Griseb. cis−piperitone epoxide (29.9%), piperitenone oxide (25.6%), menthone (7.4%), germacrene D (5.8%), and pulegone (5.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 70.7, 68.0 [55]\nOcimum basilicum var. album (L.) Benth. linalool (53.8%) and eugenol (12.6%) j Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nOcimum campechianum Mill. methyl eugenol (53.9%), β-caryophyllene (13.0%), α-bulnesene (5.4%), germacrene D (3.4%), and α-humulene (3.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 74.33 [55]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (leaf EO) p-cymene (16.2%), γ-terpinene (13.5%), thymol (14.2%), and carvacrol (19.2%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.37 [70]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (inflorescence EO) p-cymene (16.1%), γ-terpinene (7.3%), and carvacrol (40.1%), Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.75 [70]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 520 [47]\nOriganum vulgare L. trans−sabinene hydrate (21.0%), thymol (11.0%), and carvacrol methyl ether (11.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nOsmunda regalis L. hexahydrofarnesyl acetone ( = phytone) (11.8%), 2,4−di−t−butylphenol (6.8%), phytol (6.5%), hexadecene (4.1%), and octadecene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 type 2 2.24 [71]\nPectis odorata Griseb. limonene (50.2%), neral (27.2%), and geranial (23.6%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.6, 36.6, and 71.5 [38]\nPelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Aiton citronellol (21.9–37.5%), citronellyl formate (9.8–20.6%), geraniol (6.0–16.5%), geranyl formate (1.5–6.5%), menthone (up to 13%), isomenthone (up to 9.9%), and linalool (0.8−14.9%) influenza type A (H1N1) 95% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nPinus mugo Turra δ-3-carene (23.9%), α-pinene (17.9%), β-pinene (7.8%), and β-phellandrene (7.2%) k Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 7 [58]\nRavensara aromatica Sonn. (syn. Cryptocarya agathophylla van der Werff) 1,8-cineole (52.6%), α-terpineol (12.4%), and sabinene (11.0%) l Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. α-pinene (23.9%), verbenone (15.4%), camphor (11.0%), camphene (8.7%), p-cymene (7.5%), and 3−octanone (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 60 [41]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. 1,8-cineole (45.9%), α-pinene (12.0%), camphor (10.9%), and β-pinene (6.3%) b Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nSalvia fruticosa Mill. 1,8-cineole (47.5%), camphor (9.0%), β-thujone (7.6%), and α-thujone (4.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 1300 [72]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 22.7, 45.3 [73]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 5 [57]\nSantolina insularis (Gennari ex Fiori) Arrigoni artemisia ketone (21.2%), allo−aromadendrene (12.7%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%), and camphene (8.5%) m Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 0.88, 0.7 [74]\nSatureja hortensis L. carvacrol (32.4%), γ-terpinene (32.0%), thymol (10.0%), and p-cymene (6.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 80 [41]\nTessaria absinthioides (Hook. \u0026 Arn.) DC. caryophyllene oxide (12.2%), (E)-β-damascenone, γ-eudesmol (8.5%), α-gurjunene (5.8%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 105 [37]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (unripe fruit EO) carvacrol (68.6%), p-cymene (4.8%), γ-terpinene (3.0%), and β-caryophyllene (2.9%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.49 [70]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (ripe fruit EO) carvacrol (58.8%), p-cymene (5.6%), γ-terpinene (2.8%), and β-caryophyllene (2.6%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.50 [70]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (31–50%), p-cymene (0.1–26.6%), and γ-terpinene (up to 22.8%) 100% inhibition of type A (H1N1) virus at 0.3% concentration [46]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 10 [56]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 11 [52]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 7 [57]\nThymus willdenowii Boiss. 1,8-cineole (34.62%), camphor (18.55%), α-pinene (9.46%), and camphene (5.38%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus Inactive [75]\nTrachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague thymol (35–60%), α-pinene, p-cymene, and limonene Plaque reduction assay, Japanese encephalitis virus 80% reduction at 500 μg/mL [76]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (47.3%), carvacrol (21.9%), p-cymene (8.6%), γ-terpinene (4.2%), and β-caryophyllene (3.0%) Real time PCR (H9N2 subtype of AIV) Reduced viral replication in trachea of broiler chickens [77]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (33.1%), carvacrol (25.9%), and p-cymene (11.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 30 [41]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (32.1%), ar−curcumene (15.2%), β-sesquiphellandrene (10.9%), α-farnesene (7.2%), and α-phellandrene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Caprine alphaherpesvirus type I not determined [78]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1 [57]\na Reported as cadinol, but see [79,80]. b Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [81]. c Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition of commercial (dōTERRA International, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA). d Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [82]. e Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [83]. f Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [84]. g Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [85]. h Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [86]. i Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [87]. j Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [88]. k Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [89]. l Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [90]. m Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [91]."}

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O_0020502"},{"id":"A195","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T195","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812"},{"id":"A196","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T196","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019209"},{"id":"A197","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T197","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019956"}],"text":"Table 1 Essential oils showing antiviral activity.\nEssential Oil Major Components Assay IC50 (μg/mL) Reference\nAloysia gratissima (Gillies \u0026 Hook.) Tronc. caryophyllene oxide (15.8%), guaiol (17.4%) a, chrysanthenyl acetate (5.6%), and limonene oxide (5.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 65.0 [37]\nAloysia triphylla Royle α-thujone (22.9%), cis−carveol (17.5%), carvone (13.2%), and limonene (12.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e250 [38]\nArtemisia arborescens L. camphor (35.7%), β-thujone (24.0%), and chamazulene (7.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 25% inhibition at 100 μg/mL [39]\nArtemisia arborescens L. Artemisia arborescens L. β-thujone (45.0%), camphor (6.8%), and chamazulene (22.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 2.4, 4.1 [40]\nArtemisia douglasiana Besser α-thujone (68.3%) and β-thujone (7.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 83 [37]\nArtemisia kermanensis Podlech (syn. Seriphidium kermanense (Podlech) K. Bremer \u0026 Humphries α-thujone (13.8%), camphor (10.2%), and β-thujone (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 40 [41]\nArtemisia mendozana DC. camphor (22.4%), artemiseole (11.7%), artemisia alcohol (10.8%), and borneol (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 129.3, 178.6, and 153.7 [38]\nArtemisia princeps Pamp. borneol (12.1%), α-thujone (8.7%), τ−cadinol, (6.7%), and 1,8-cineole (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay, murine norovirus−1 64% inhibition at 0.01% [42]\nPlaque reduction assay, feline calicivirus−F9 48% inhibition at 0.1%\nArtemisia vulgaris L. α-thujone (38.1%), β-thujone (10.6%), and 1,8-cineole (8.8%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nAyapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M. King \u0026 H. Rob. thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether Plaque reduction assay (A549 cells), Zika virus 38.0 [44]\nBuddleja cordobensis Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (32.1%), β-caryophyllene (16.5%), and α-copaene (8.5%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 86.4, 39.0, and 54.1 [38]\nCedrus libani A. Rich. himachalol (22.5%), β-himachalene (21.9%), and α-himachalene (10.5%) Cytopathic effect (CPE) on Vero cells, HSV-1 440 [45]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) eugenol (75–85%), linalool (1.6−8.5%), (E)−cinnamaldehyde (0.6−1.5%), (E)−cinnamyl acetate (0.7–2.6%), β-caryophyllene (0.5–6.7%), eugenyl acetate (0.1–2.9%), and benzyl benzoate (0.1–8.3%) Influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) (E)−cinnamaldehyde (63.9%), eugenol (7.0%), and (E)−cinnamyl acetate (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 82 [47]\nCitrus × bergamia Risso \u0026 Poit. limonene (23–55%), linalool (2–37%), linalyl acetate (12–41%), β-pinene (up to 10%), and γ-terpinene (up to 10%) Influenza virus type A H1N1 100% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nCitrus limonum Risso limonene (54.6%), γ-terpinene (19.1%), and β-pinene (14.5%) d Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2500 [48]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (leaf EO) sabinene (40.5%), linalool (23.3%), and terpinen-4-ol (8.3%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 19.4% inhibition at 0.1 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (unripe fruit peel EO) limonene (82.4%) and linalool (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 61.5% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (ripe fruit peel EO) limonene (91.6%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 50% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCupressus sempervirens L. α-pinene (51.9%) and δ-3-carene (24.9%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 6600 [48]\nCymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf geranial (40.2%), neral (30.6%), and geraniol (6.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91 [48]\nCymbopogon flexuosus (Nees) Will. Watson geranial (48–54%) and neral (29–33%) Influenza virus type A (H1N1) [46]\nCynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr. ex H. Lév. (2E,4E)-decadienal (23.0%), γ-nonalactone (4.2%), 5-pentyl-2(3H)−furanone (3.8%), and 3-isopropyl-1-pentanol (3.5%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 64 [46]\nDysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin \u0026 Clemants cis-ascaridole (60.7%) and m-cymene (22.2%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 21.75 [49]\nEucalyptus astringens (Maiden) Maiden 1,8-cineole (42.0%), α-pinene (22.0%), and trans−pinocarveol (7.0%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus bicostata Maiden, Blakely \u0026 Simmonds 1,8-cineole (68.0%), globulol (5.4%), and trans−pinocarveol (4.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.6 [50]\nEucalyptus caesia Benth. 1,8-cineole (40.2%), p-cymene (14.1%), γ-terpinene (12.4%), α-pinene (7.7%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 70 [41]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Rotavirus Wa strain 50% inhibition at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 53.3% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, HSV-1 90% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, adenovirus type 7 0% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus cinereal F. Muell. ex Benth. 1,8-cineole (70.4%), α-pinene (4.5%), and limonene (3.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 1700 [48]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 55.0 [52]\nEucalyptus lehmannii (Schauer) Benth. 1,8-cineole (59.6%), α-pinene (17.6%), and α-terpineol (8.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 11.5 [50]\nEucalyptus leucoxylon F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (59.2%), α-pinene (7.8%), and α-terpineol (4.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 8.1 [50]\nEucalyptus maidenii F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (57.8%), p-cymene (7.4%), and α-pinene (7.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 14.5 [50]\nEucalyptus odorata Behr cryptone (20.9%), p-cymene (16.7%), phellandral (6.6%), and cuminal (6.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 19.2 [50]\nEucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Woolls 1,8-cineole (69.2%), α-pinene (6.9%), and α-terpineol (5.4%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 12.3 [50]\nEupatorium patens D. Don ex Hook. \u0026 Arn. germacrene D (36.2%), β-caryophyllene (14.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (7.0%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 125 [37]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (leaf EO) α-terpineol (55.5%), carvone (5.7%), carveol (5.5%), γ-muurolene (5.5%), and citronellal (5.0%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 6.77 [53]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (fruit EO) β-eudesmol (28.3%), α-muurolene (10.3%), β-gurjunene (10.0%), γ-eudesmol (8.4%), and γ-muurolene (6.6%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 38.89 [53]\nGaillardia megapotamica (Spreng.) Baker β-pinene (24.2%), (Z)-β-ocimene (16.5%), α-pinene (7.7%), limonene (7.5%), and β-caryophyllene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 140.6, 49.8, and 99.1 [38]\nHeterothalamus alienus (Spreng.) Kuntze β-pinene (35.5%), spathulenol (10.7%), and germacrene D (6.8%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 122.3, 44.2 and 148.4 [38]\nHeterotheca latifolia Buckley borneol (40.0%), camphor (24.3%), and limonene (5.1%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nHouttuynia cordata Thunb. decanal (3.4−8.9%), decanol (up to 7.0%), 2−undecanone (23.0−36.1%), decanoic acid (1.4−6.3%), dodecanal (up to 7.3%), and 2−tridecanone (2.6−5.6%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 48 [54]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. fenchone (17.1%), 1,8-cineole (12.6%), β-caryophyllene (10.9%), bicyclogermacrene (8.7%), and germacrene D (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 (Human Herpesvirus type 1) 79.01 [55]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. germacrene D (15.1%), β-caryophyllene (13.3%), curzerene (13.3%), and bicyclogermacrene (13.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells) \u003e150 [37]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [56]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 6 [57]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 40 [58]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [59]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 30 [57]\nJungia polita Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (9.2%) and β-caryophyllene (8.1%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.8, 134.2 and 136.4 [38]\nJuniperus communis L. α-pinene (46.7%), myrcene (15.0%), sabinene (13.2%), and limonene (7.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nLavandula angustifolia Mill. linalyl acetate (37.0−43.6%), linalool (19.7−39.1%), geraniol (up to 9.3%), β-caryophyllene (up to 5.1%), terpinene−4−ol (up to 14.9%), lavandulol (up to 1.5%), lavandulyl acetate (up to 5.5%), 1,8-cineole (up to 4.1%), and borneol (up to 6.4%) 85% in vitro inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nLavandula latifolia Medik. linalool (31.9%), 1,8-cineole (18.8%), and borneol (10.1%) g Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nLepechinia salviifolia (Kunth) Epling camphor (10.3%), limonene (9.7%), p−mentha−1(7),8−diene (7.4%), α-pinene (6.9%), and γ-terpinene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 68.8, 81.9 [55]\nLepechinia vulcanicola J.R.I. Wood limonene (18.9%), germacrene D (10.4%), 1−octen−3−ol (8.8%), β-caryophyllene (8.7%), and α-pinene (8.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 112, 68.9 [55]\nLeptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. \u0026 G. Forst. calamene (16.0%), leptospermone (14.5%), δ−cadinene (6.1%), flavesone (4.5%), viridiflorene (4.4%), and isoleptospermone (3.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 0.96, 0.58 [60]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (51.0%), Limonene (33%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (7.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 10.1, 0.4, 32.6, 21.1, 4.9 [61]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 4.3 [62]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 1.9, 2.9, 2.6, 33.7, 5.7 [61]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 19.4 [62]\nLippia graveolens Kunth carvacrol (56.8%), o−cymene (32.1%), and γ-terpinene (3.7%) h MTT assay (Mardin−Darby bovine kidney cells), HSV-1, ACVR−HSV-1 (acyclovir−resistant HSV-1), HRSV (human respiratory syncytial virus) 99.6, 55.9, 68.0 [63]\nLippia junelliana (Moldenke) Tronc. piperitenone oxide (= rotundifolone) (36.5%), limonene (23.1%), camphor (7.9%), and spathulenol (6.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nLippia origanoides carvacrol (44.0%), thymol (15.0%), and γ-terpinene (10.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 11.1 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia turbinata Griseb. limonene (60.6%), piperitenone oxide (17.4%), and β-caryophyllene (6.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e 150 [37]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9–11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 0.3 [58]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9−11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1.5 [57]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (36.71%), γ-terpinene (22.20%), and α-terpinene (10.10%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A⁄PR ⁄ 8 virus subtype H1N1 60 [31]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (30–48%), γ-terpinene (10–28%), α-terpinene (5–13%), 1,8-cineole (up to 15%), terpinolene (1.5−5%), p-cymene (0.5–12%), α-pinene (1–6%), and α-terpineol (1.5–8%) 100% inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) virus at 0.01%; type A (H11N9) virus to tea tree oil vapor caused 100% inhibition [46]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 13.2 [64]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [52]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 2700 [47]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 significant plaque reduction at 10 and 5% v/v [65]\nMelaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm. 1,8-cineole (33.9%), terpinen-4-ol (18.8%), and γ-terpinene (10.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 99% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca ericifolia Sm. methyl eugenol (96.84%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91.5% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. 1,8-cineole (64.3%), α-terpineol (11.0%), and valencene (3.91%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 92% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelissa officinalis L. neral (17−32%), geranial (23–43%), linalool (up to 9.0%), citronellal (0.7–20.3%), geraniol (up to 23.2%), β-caryophyllene (up to 11.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (0.4−31.7%) influenza A virus (H9N2) Significant reduction at 5 μg/mL [46]\nMelissa officinalis L. β-cubebene (15.4%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%), α-cadinol (7.2%), geranial (6.6%), and neral (5.8%) Plaque reduction assay (HEp−2 cells), HSV-2 21 [67]\nMelissa officinalis L. geranial (20.1%), β-caryophyllene (17.3%), and neral (13.6%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 4, 0.8 [68]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (42.8%), menthone (14.6%), and isomenthone (5.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 20, 8 [69]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (43.8%), menthone (19.7%), menthyl acetate (6.5%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. limonene (7.4%), isopulegol (12.0%), and piperitenone oxide (41.8%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.87 [70]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. piperitenone oxide (86.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 5.1 [64]\nMinthostachys mollis Griseb. cis−piperitone epoxide (29.9%), piperitenone oxide (25.6%), menthone (7.4%), germacrene D (5.8%), and pulegone (5.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 70.7, 68.0 [55]\nOcimum basilicum var. album (L.) Benth. linalool (53.8%) and eugenol (12.6%) j Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nOcimum campechianum Mill. methyl eugenol (53.9%), β-caryophyllene (13.0%), α-bulnesene (5.4%), germacrene D (3.4%), and α-humulene (3.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 74.33 [55]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (leaf EO) p-cymene (16.2%), γ-terpinene (13.5%), thymol (14.2%), and carvacrol (19.2%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.37 [70]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (inflorescence EO) p-cymene (16.1%), γ-terpinene (7.3%), and carvacrol (40.1%), Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.75 [70]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 520 [47]\nOriganum vulgare L. trans−sabinene hydrate (21.0%), thymol (11.0%), and carvacrol methyl ether (11.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nOsmunda regalis L. hexahydrofarnesyl acetone ( = phytone) (11.8%), 2,4−di−t−butylphenol (6.8%), phytol (6.5%), hexadecene (4.1%), and octadecene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 type 2 2.24 [71]\nPectis odorata Griseb. limonene (50.2%), neral (27.2%), and geranial (23.6%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.6, 36.6, and 71.5 [38]\nPelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Aiton citronellol (21.9–37.5%), citronellyl formate (9.8–20.6%), geraniol (6.0–16.5%), geranyl formate (1.5–6.5%), menthone (up to 13%), isomenthone (up to 9.9%), and linalool (0.8−14.9%) influenza type A (H1N1) 95% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nPinus mugo Turra δ-3-carene (23.9%), α-pinene (17.9%), β-pinene (7.8%), and β-phellandrene (7.2%) k Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 7 [58]\nRavensara aromatica Sonn. (syn. Cryptocarya agathophylla van der Werff) 1,8-cineole (52.6%), α-terpineol (12.4%), and sabinene (11.0%) l Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. α-pinene (23.9%), verbenone (15.4%), camphor (11.0%), camphene (8.7%), p-cymene (7.5%), and 3−octanone (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 60 [41]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. 1,8-cineole (45.9%), α-pinene (12.0%), camphor (10.9%), and β-pinene (6.3%) b Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nSalvia fruticosa Mill. 1,8-cineole (47.5%), camphor (9.0%), β-thujone (7.6%), and α-thujone (4.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 1300 [72]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 22.7, 45.3 [73]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 5 [57]\nSantolina insularis (Gennari ex Fiori) Arrigoni artemisia ketone (21.2%), allo−aromadendrene (12.7%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%), and camphene (8.5%) m Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 0.88, 0.7 [74]\nSatureja hortensis L. carvacrol (32.4%), γ-terpinene (32.0%), thymol (10.0%), and p-cymene (6.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 80 [41]\nTessaria absinthioides (Hook. \u0026 Arn.) DC. caryophyllene oxide (12.2%), (E)-β-damascenone, γ-eudesmol (8.5%), α-gurjunene (5.8%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 105 [37]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (unripe fruit EO) carvacrol (68.6%), p-cymene (4.8%), γ-terpinene (3.0%), and β-caryophyllene (2.9%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.49 [70]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (ripe fruit EO) carvacrol (58.8%), p-cymene (5.6%), γ-terpinene (2.8%), and β-caryophyllene (2.6%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.50 [70]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (31–50%), p-cymene (0.1–26.6%), and γ-terpinene (up to 22.8%) 100% inhibition of type A (H1N1) virus at 0.3% concentration [46]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 10 [56]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 11 [52]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 7 [57]\nThymus willdenowii Boiss. 1,8-cineole (34.62%), camphor (18.55%), α-pinene (9.46%), and camphene (5.38%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus Inactive [75]\nTrachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague thymol (35–60%), α-pinene, p-cymene, and limonene Plaque reduction assay, Japanese encephalitis virus 80% reduction at 500 μg/mL [76]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (47.3%), carvacrol (21.9%), p-cymene (8.6%), γ-terpinene (4.2%), and β-caryophyllene (3.0%) Real time PCR (H9N2 subtype of AIV) Reduced viral replication in trachea of broiler chickens [77]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (33.1%), carvacrol (25.9%), and p-cymene (11.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 30 [41]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (32.1%), ar−curcumene (15.2%), β-sesquiphellandrene (10.9%), α-farnesene (7.2%), and α-phellandrene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Caprine alphaherpesvirus type I not determined [78]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1 [57]\na Reported as cadinol, but see [79,80]. b Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [81]. c Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition of commercial (dōTERRA International, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA). d Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [82]. e Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [83]. f Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [84]. g Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [85]. h Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [86]. i Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [87]. j Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [88]. k Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [89]. l Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [90]. m Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [91]."}

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1 Essential oils showing antiviral activity.\nEssential Oil Major Components Assay IC50 (μg/mL) Reference\nAloysia gratissima (Gillies \u0026 Hook.) Tronc. caryophyllene oxide (15.8%), guaiol (17.4%) a, chrysanthenyl acetate (5.6%), and limonene oxide (5.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 65.0 [37]\nAloysia triphylla Royle α-thujone (22.9%), cis−carveol (17.5%), carvone (13.2%), and limonene (12.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e250 [38]\nArtemisia arborescens L. camphor (35.7%), β-thujone (24.0%), and chamazulene (7.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 25% inhibition at 100 μg/mL [39]\nArtemisia arborescens L. Artemisia arborescens L. β-thujone (45.0%), camphor (6.8%), and chamazulene (22.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 2.4, 4.1 [40]\nArtemisia douglasiana Besser α-thujone (68.3%) and β-thujone (7.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 83 [37]\nArtemisia kermanensis Podlech (syn. Seriphidium kermanense (Podlech) K. Bremer \u0026 Humphries α-thujone (13.8%), camphor (10.2%), and β-thujone (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 40 [41]\nArtemisia mendozana DC. camphor (22.4%), artemiseole (11.7%), artemisia alcohol (10.8%), and borneol (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 129.3, 178.6, and 153.7 [38]\nArtemisia princeps Pamp. borneol (12.1%), α-thujone (8.7%), τ−cadinol, (6.7%), and 1,8-cineole (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay, murine norovirus−1 64% inhibition at 0.01% [42]\nPlaque reduction assay, feline calicivirus−F9 48% inhibition at 0.1%\nArtemisia vulgaris L. α-thujone (38.1%), β-thujone (10.6%), and 1,8-cineole (8.8%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nAyapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M. King \u0026 H. Rob. thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether Plaque reduction assay (A549 cells), Zika virus 38.0 [44]\nBuddleja cordobensis Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (32.1%), β-caryophyllene (16.5%), and α-copaene (8.5%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 86.4, 39.0, and 54.1 [38]\nCedrus libani A. Rich. himachalol (22.5%), β-himachalene (21.9%), and α-himachalene (10.5%) Cytopathic effect (CPE) on Vero cells, HSV-1 440 [45]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) eugenol (75–85%), linalool (1.6−8.5%), (E)−cinnamaldehyde (0.6−1.5%), (E)−cinnamyl acetate (0.7–2.6%), β-caryophyllene (0.5–6.7%), eugenyl acetate (0.1–2.9%), and benzyl benzoate (0.1–8.3%) Influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) (E)−cinnamaldehyde (63.9%), eugenol (7.0%), and (E)−cinnamyl acetate (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 82 [47]\nCitrus × bergamia Risso \u0026 Poit. limonene (23–55%), linalool (2–37%), linalyl acetate (12–41%), β-pinene (up to 10%), and γ-terpinene (up to 10%) Influenza virus type A H1N1 100% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nCitrus limonum Risso limonene (54.6%), γ-terpinene (19.1%), and β-pinene (14.5%) d Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2500 [48]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (leaf EO) sabinene (40.5%), linalool (23.3%), and terpinen-4-ol (8.3%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 19.4% inhibition at 0.1 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (unripe fruit peel EO) limonene (82.4%) and linalool (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 61.5% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (ripe fruit peel EO) limonene (91.6%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 50% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCupressus sempervirens L. α-pinene (51.9%) and δ-3-carene (24.9%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 6600 [48]\nCymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf geranial (40.2%), neral (30.6%), and geraniol (6.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91 [48]\nCymbopogon flexuosus (Nees) Will. Watson geranial (48–54%) and neral (29–33%) Influenza virus type A (H1N1) [46]\nCynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr. ex H. Lév. (2E,4E)-decadienal (23.0%), γ-nonalactone (4.2%), 5-pentyl-2(3H)−furanone (3.8%), and 3-isopropyl-1-pentanol (3.5%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 64 [46]\nDysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin \u0026 Clemants cis-ascaridole (60.7%) and m-cymene (22.2%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 21.75 [49]\nEucalyptus astringens (Maiden) Maiden 1,8-cineole (42.0%), α-pinene (22.0%), and trans−pinocarveol (7.0%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus bicostata Maiden, Blakely \u0026 Simmonds 1,8-cineole (68.0%), globulol (5.4%), and trans−pinocarveol (4.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.6 [50]\nEucalyptus caesia Benth. 1,8-cineole (40.2%), p-cymene (14.1%), γ-terpinene (12.4%), α-pinene (7.7%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 70 [41]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Rotavirus Wa strain 50% inhibition at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 53.3% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, HSV-1 90% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, adenovirus type 7 0% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus cinereal F. Muell. ex Benth. 1,8-cineole (70.4%), α-pinene (4.5%), and limonene (3.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 1700 [48]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 55.0 [52]\nEucalyptus lehmannii (Schauer) Benth. 1,8-cineole (59.6%), α-pinene (17.6%), and α-terpineol (8.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 11.5 [50]\nEucalyptus leucoxylon F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (59.2%), α-pinene (7.8%), and α-terpineol (4.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 8.1 [50]\nEucalyptus maidenii F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (57.8%), p-cymene (7.4%), and α-pinene (7.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 14.5 [50]\nEucalyptus odorata Behr cryptone (20.9%), p-cymene (16.7%), phellandral (6.6%), and cuminal (6.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 19.2 [50]\nEucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Woolls 1,8-cineole (69.2%), α-pinene (6.9%), and α-terpineol (5.4%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 12.3 [50]\nEupatorium patens D. Don ex Hook. \u0026 Arn. germacrene D (36.2%), β-caryophyllene (14.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (7.0%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 125 [37]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (leaf EO) α-terpineol (55.5%), carvone (5.7%), carveol (5.5%), γ-muurolene (5.5%), and citronellal (5.0%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 6.77 [53]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (fruit EO) β-eudesmol (28.3%), α-muurolene (10.3%), β-gurjunene (10.0%), γ-eudesmol (8.4%), and γ-muurolene (6.6%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 38.89 [53]\nGaillardia megapotamica (Spreng.) Baker β-pinene (24.2%), (Z)-β-ocimene (16.5%), α-pinene (7.7%), limonene (7.5%), and β-caryophyllene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 140.6, 49.8, and 99.1 [38]\nHeterothalamus alienus (Spreng.) Kuntze β-pinene (35.5%), spathulenol (10.7%), and germacrene D (6.8%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 122.3, 44.2 and 148.4 [38]\nHeterotheca latifolia Buckley borneol (40.0%), camphor (24.3%), and limonene (5.1%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nHouttuynia cordata Thunb. decanal (3.4−8.9%), decanol (up to 7.0%), 2−undecanone (23.0−36.1%), decanoic acid (1.4−6.3%), dodecanal (up to 7.3%), and 2−tridecanone (2.6−5.6%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 48 [54]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. fenchone (17.1%), 1,8-cineole (12.6%), β-caryophyllene (10.9%), bicyclogermacrene (8.7%), and germacrene D (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 (Human Herpesvirus type 1) 79.01 [55]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. germacrene D (15.1%), β-caryophyllene (13.3%), curzerene (13.3%), and bicyclogermacrene (13.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells) \u003e150 [37]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [56]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 6 [57]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 40 [58]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [59]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 30 [57]\nJungia polita Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (9.2%) and β-caryophyllene (8.1%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.8, 134.2 and 136.4 [38]\nJuniperus communis L. α-pinene (46.7%), myrcene (15.0%), sabinene (13.2%), and limonene (7.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nLavandula angustifolia Mill. linalyl acetate (37.0−43.6%), linalool (19.7−39.1%), geraniol (up to 9.3%), β-caryophyllene (up to 5.1%), terpinene−4−ol (up to 14.9%), lavandulol (up to 1.5%), lavandulyl acetate (up to 5.5%), 1,8-cineole (up to 4.1%), and borneol (up to 6.4%) 85% in vitro inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nLavandula latifolia Medik. linalool (31.9%), 1,8-cineole (18.8%), and borneol (10.1%) g Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nLepechinia salviifolia (Kunth) Epling camphor (10.3%), limonene (9.7%), p−mentha−1(7),8−diene (7.4%), α-pinene (6.9%), and γ-terpinene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 68.8, 81.9 [55]\nLepechinia vulcanicola J.R.I. Wood limonene (18.9%), germacrene D (10.4%), 1−octen−3−ol (8.8%), β-caryophyllene (8.7%), and α-pinene (8.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 112, 68.9 [55]\nLeptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. \u0026 G. Forst. calamene (16.0%), leptospermone (14.5%), δ−cadinene (6.1%), flavesone (4.5%), viridiflorene (4.4%), and isoleptospermone (3.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 0.96, 0.58 [60]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (51.0%), Limonene (33%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (7.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 10.1, 0.4, 32.6, 21.1, 4.9 [61]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 4.3 [62]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 1.9, 2.9, 2.6, 33.7, 5.7 [61]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 19.4 [62]\nLippia graveolens Kunth carvacrol (56.8%), o−cymene (32.1%), and γ-terpinene (3.7%) h MTT assay (Mardin−Darby bovine kidney cells), HSV-1, ACVR−HSV-1 (acyclovir−resistant HSV-1), HRSV (human respiratory syncytial virus) 99.6, 55.9, 68.0 [63]\nLippia junelliana (Moldenke) Tronc. piperitenone oxide (= rotundifolone) (36.5%), limonene (23.1%), camphor (7.9%), and spathulenol (6.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nLippia origanoides carvacrol (44.0%), thymol (15.0%), and γ-terpinene (10.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 11.1 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia turbinata Griseb. limonene (60.6%), piperitenone oxide (17.4%), and β-caryophyllene (6.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e 150 [37]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9–11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 0.3 [58]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9−11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1.5 [57]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (36.71%), γ-terpinene (22.20%), and α-terpinene (10.10%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A⁄PR ⁄ 8 virus subtype H1N1 60 [31]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (30–48%), γ-terpinene (10–28%), α-terpinene (5–13%), 1,8-cineole (up to 15%), terpinolene (1.5−5%), p-cymene (0.5–12%), α-pinene (1–6%), and α-terpineol (1.5–8%) 100% inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) virus at 0.01%; type A (H11N9) virus to tea tree oil vapor caused 100% inhibition [46]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 13.2 [64]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [52]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 2700 [47]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 significant plaque reduction at 10 and 5% v/v [65]\nMelaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm. 1,8-cineole (33.9%), terpinen-4-ol (18.8%), and γ-terpinene (10.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 99% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca ericifolia Sm. methyl eugenol (96.84%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91.5% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. 1,8-cineole (64.3%), α-terpineol (11.0%), and valencene (3.91%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 92% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelissa officinalis L. neral (17−32%), geranial (23–43%), linalool (up to 9.0%), citronellal (0.7–20.3%), geraniol (up to 23.2%), β-caryophyllene (up to 11.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (0.4−31.7%) influenza A virus (H9N2) Significant reduction at 5 μg/mL [46]\nMelissa officinalis L. β-cubebene (15.4%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%), α-cadinol (7.2%), geranial (6.6%), and neral (5.8%) Plaque reduction assay (HEp−2 cells), HSV-2 21 [67]\nMelissa officinalis L. geranial (20.1%), β-caryophyllene (17.3%), and neral (13.6%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 4, 0.8 [68]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (42.8%), menthone (14.6%), and isomenthone (5.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 20, 8 [69]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (43.8%), menthone (19.7%), menthyl acetate (6.5%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. limonene (7.4%), isopulegol (12.0%), and piperitenone oxide (41.8%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.87 [70]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. piperitenone oxide (86.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 5.1 [64]\nMinthostachys mollis Griseb. cis−piperitone epoxide (29.9%), piperitenone oxide (25.6%), menthone (7.4%), germacrene D (5.8%), and pulegone (5.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 70.7, 68.0 [55]\nOcimum basilicum var. album (L.) Benth. linalool (53.8%) and eugenol (12.6%) j Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nOcimum campechianum Mill. methyl eugenol (53.9%), β-caryophyllene (13.0%), α-bulnesene (5.4%), germacrene D (3.4%), and α-humulene (3.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 74.33 [55]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (leaf EO) p-cymene (16.2%), γ-terpinene (13.5%), thymol (14.2%), and carvacrol (19.2%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.37 [70]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (inflorescence EO) p-cymene (16.1%), γ-terpinene (7.3%), and carvacrol (40.1%), Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.75 [70]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 520 [47]\nOriganum vulgare L. trans−sabinene hydrate (21.0%), thymol (11.0%), and carvacrol methyl ether (11.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nOsmunda regalis L. hexahydrofarnesyl acetone ( = phytone) (11.8%), 2,4−di−t−butylphenol (6.8%), phytol (6.5%), hexadecene (4.1%), and octadecene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 type 2 2.24 [71]\nPectis odorata Griseb. limonene (50.2%), neral (27.2%), and geranial (23.6%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.6, 36.6, and 71.5 [38]\nPelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Aiton citronellol (21.9–37.5%), citronellyl formate (9.8–20.6%), geraniol (6.0–16.5%), geranyl formate (1.5–6.5%), menthone (up to 13%), isomenthone (up to 9.9%), and linalool (0.8−14.9%) influenza type A (H1N1) 95% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nPinus mugo Turra δ-3-carene (23.9%), α-pinene (17.9%), β-pinene (7.8%), and β-phellandrene (7.2%) k Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 7 [58]\nRavensara aromatica Sonn. (syn. Cryptocarya agathophylla van der Werff) 1,8-cineole (52.6%), α-terpineol (12.4%), and sabinene (11.0%) l Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. α-pinene (23.9%), verbenone (15.4%), camphor (11.0%), camphene (8.7%), p-cymene (7.5%), and 3−octanone (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 60 [41]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. 1,8-cineole (45.9%), α-pinene (12.0%), camphor (10.9%), and β-pinene (6.3%) b Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nSalvia fruticosa Mill. 1,8-cineole (47.5%), camphor (9.0%), β-thujone (7.6%), and α-thujone (4.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 1300 [72]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 22.7, 45.3 [73]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 5 [57]\nSantolina insularis (Gennari ex Fiori) Arrigoni artemisia ketone (21.2%), allo−aromadendrene (12.7%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%), and camphene (8.5%) m Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 0.88, 0.7 [74]\nSatureja hortensis L. carvacrol (32.4%), γ-terpinene (32.0%), thymol (10.0%), and p-cymene (6.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 80 [41]\nTessaria absinthioides (Hook. \u0026 Arn.) DC. caryophyllene oxide (12.2%), (E)-β-damascenone, γ-eudesmol (8.5%), α-gurjunene (5.8%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 105 [37]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (unripe fruit EO) carvacrol (68.6%), p-cymene (4.8%), γ-terpinene (3.0%), and β-caryophyllene (2.9%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.49 [70]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (ripe fruit EO) carvacrol (58.8%), p-cymene (5.6%), γ-terpinene (2.8%), and β-caryophyllene (2.6%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.50 [70]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (31–50%), p-cymene (0.1–26.6%), and γ-terpinene (up to 22.8%) 100% inhibition of type A (H1N1) virus at 0.3% concentration [46]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 10 [56]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 11 [52]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 7 [57]\nThymus willdenowii Boiss. 1,8-cineole (34.62%), camphor (18.55%), α-pinene (9.46%), and camphene (5.38%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus Inactive [75]\nTrachyspermum ammi (L.) 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1 Essential oils showing antiviral activity.\nEssential Oil Major Components Assay IC50 (μg/mL) Reference\nAloysia gratissima (Gillies \u0026 Hook.) Tronc. caryophyllene oxide (15.8%), guaiol (17.4%) a, chrysanthenyl acetate (5.6%), and limonene oxide (5.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 65.0 [37]\nAloysia triphylla Royle α-thujone (22.9%), cis−carveol (17.5%), carvone (13.2%), and limonene (12.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e250 [38]\nArtemisia arborescens L. camphor (35.7%), β-thujone (24.0%), and chamazulene (7.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 25% inhibition at 100 μg/mL [39]\nArtemisia arborescens L. Artemisia arborescens L. β-thujone (45.0%), camphor (6.8%), and chamazulene (22.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 2.4, 4.1 [40]\nArtemisia douglasiana Besser α-thujone (68.3%) and β-thujone (7.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 83 [37]\nArtemisia kermanensis Podlech (syn. Seriphidium kermanense (Podlech) K. Bremer \u0026 Humphries α-thujone (13.8%), camphor (10.2%), and β-thujone (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 40 [41]\nArtemisia mendozana DC. camphor (22.4%), artemiseole (11.7%), artemisia alcohol (10.8%), and borneol (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 129.3, 178.6, and 153.7 [38]\nArtemisia princeps Pamp. borneol (12.1%), α-thujone (8.7%), τ−cadinol, (6.7%), and 1,8-cineole (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay, murine norovirus−1 64% inhibition at 0.01% [42]\nPlaque reduction assay, feline calicivirus−F9 48% inhibition at 0.1%\nArtemisia vulgaris L. α-thujone (38.1%), β-thujone (10.6%), and 1,8-cineole (8.8%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nAyapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M. King \u0026 H. Rob. thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether Plaque reduction assay (A549 cells), Zika virus 38.0 [44]\nBuddleja cordobensis Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (32.1%), β-caryophyllene (16.5%), and α-copaene (8.5%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 86.4, 39.0, and 54.1 [38]\nCedrus libani A. Rich. himachalol (22.5%), β-himachalene (21.9%), and α-himachalene (10.5%) Cytopathic effect (CPE) on Vero cells, HSV-1 440 [45]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) eugenol (75–85%), linalool (1.6−8.5%), (E)−cinnamaldehyde (0.6−1.5%), (E)−cinnamyl acetate (0.7–2.6%), β-caryophyllene (0.5–6.7%), eugenyl acetate (0.1–2.9%), and benzyl benzoate (0.1–8.3%) Influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) (E)−cinnamaldehyde (63.9%), eugenol (7.0%), and (E)−cinnamyl acetate (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 82 [47]\nCitrus × bergamia Risso \u0026 Poit. limonene (23–55%), linalool (2–37%), linalyl acetate (12–41%), β-pinene (up to 10%), and γ-terpinene (up to 10%) Influenza virus type A H1N1 100% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nCitrus limonum Risso limonene (54.6%), γ-terpinene (19.1%), and β-pinene (14.5%) d Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2500 [48]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (leaf EO) sabinene (40.5%), linalool (23.3%), and terpinen-4-ol (8.3%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 19.4% inhibition at 0.1 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (unripe fruit peel EO) limonene (82.4%) and linalool (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 61.5% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (ripe fruit peel EO) limonene (91.6%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 50% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCupressus sempervirens L. α-pinene (51.9%) and δ-3-carene (24.9%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 6600 [48]\nCymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf geranial (40.2%), neral (30.6%), and geraniol (6.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91 [48]\nCymbopogon flexuosus (Nees) Will. Watson geranial (48–54%) and neral (29–33%) Influenza virus type A (H1N1) [46]\nCynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr. ex H. Lév. (2E,4E)-decadienal (23.0%), γ-nonalactone (4.2%), 5-pentyl-2(3H)−furanone (3.8%), and 3-isopropyl-1-pentanol (3.5%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 64 [46]\nDysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin \u0026 Clemants cis-ascaridole (60.7%) and m-cymene (22.2%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 21.75 [49]\nEucalyptus astringens (Maiden) Maiden 1,8-cineole (42.0%), α-pinene (22.0%), and trans−pinocarveol (7.0%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus bicostata Maiden, Blakely \u0026 Simmonds 1,8-cineole (68.0%), globulol (5.4%), and trans−pinocarveol (4.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.6 [50]\nEucalyptus caesia Benth. 1,8-cineole (40.2%), p-cymene (14.1%), γ-terpinene (12.4%), α-pinene (7.7%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 70 [41]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Rotavirus Wa strain 50% inhibition at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 53.3% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, HSV-1 90% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, adenovirus type 7 0% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus cinereal F. Muell. ex Benth. 1,8-cineole (70.4%), α-pinene (4.5%), and limonene (3.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 1700 [48]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 55.0 [52]\nEucalyptus lehmannii (Schauer) Benth. 1,8-cineole (59.6%), α-pinene (17.6%), and α-terpineol (8.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 11.5 [50]\nEucalyptus leucoxylon F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (59.2%), α-pinene (7.8%), and α-terpineol (4.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 8.1 [50]\nEucalyptus maidenii F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (57.8%), p-cymene (7.4%), and α-pinene (7.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 14.5 [50]\nEucalyptus odorata Behr cryptone (20.9%), p-cymene (16.7%), phellandral (6.6%), and cuminal (6.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 19.2 [50]\nEucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Woolls 1,8-cineole (69.2%), α-pinene (6.9%), and α-terpineol (5.4%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 12.3 [50]\nEupatorium patens D. Don ex Hook. \u0026 Arn. germacrene D (36.2%), β-caryophyllene (14.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (7.0%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 125 [37]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (leaf EO) α-terpineol (55.5%), carvone (5.7%), carveol (5.5%), γ-muurolene (5.5%), and citronellal (5.0%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 6.77 [53]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (fruit EO) β-eudesmol (28.3%), α-muurolene (10.3%), β-gurjunene (10.0%), γ-eudesmol (8.4%), and γ-muurolene (6.6%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 38.89 [53]\nGaillardia megapotamica (Spreng.) Baker β-pinene (24.2%), (Z)-β-ocimene (16.5%), α-pinene (7.7%), limonene (7.5%), and β-caryophyllene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 140.6, 49.8, and 99.1 [38]\nHeterothalamus alienus (Spreng.) Kuntze β-pinene (35.5%), spathulenol (10.7%), and germacrene D (6.8%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 122.3, 44.2 and 148.4 [38]\nHeterotheca latifolia Buckley borneol (40.0%), camphor (24.3%), and limonene (5.1%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nHouttuynia cordata Thunb. decanal (3.4−8.9%), decanol (up to 7.0%), 2−undecanone (23.0−36.1%), decanoic acid (1.4−6.3%), dodecanal (up to 7.3%), and 2−tridecanone (2.6−5.6%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 48 [54]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. fenchone (17.1%), 1,8-cineole (12.6%), β-caryophyllene (10.9%), bicyclogermacrene (8.7%), and germacrene D (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 (Human Herpesvirus type 1) 79.01 [55]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. germacrene D (15.1%), β-caryophyllene (13.3%), curzerene (13.3%), and bicyclogermacrene (13.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells) \u003e150 [37]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [56]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 6 [57]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 40 [58]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [59]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 30 [57]\nJungia polita Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (9.2%) and β-caryophyllene (8.1%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.8, 134.2 and 136.4 [38]\nJuniperus communis L. α-pinene (46.7%), myrcene (15.0%), sabinene (13.2%), and limonene (7.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nLavandula angustifolia Mill. linalyl acetate (37.0−43.6%), linalool (19.7−39.1%), geraniol (up to 9.3%), β-caryophyllene (up to 5.1%), terpinene−4−ol (up to 14.9%), lavandulol (up to 1.5%), lavandulyl acetate (up to 5.5%), 1,8-cineole (up to 4.1%), and borneol (up to 6.4%) 85% in vitro inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nLavandula latifolia Medik. linalool (31.9%), 1,8-cineole (18.8%), and borneol (10.1%) g Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nLepechinia salviifolia (Kunth) Epling camphor (10.3%), limonene (9.7%), p−mentha−1(7),8−diene (7.4%), α-pinene (6.9%), and γ-terpinene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 68.8, 81.9 [55]\nLepechinia vulcanicola J.R.I. Wood limonene (18.9%), germacrene D (10.4%), 1−octen−3−ol (8.8%), β-caryophyllene (8.7%), and α-pinene (8.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 112, 68.9 [55]\nLeptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. \u0026 G. Forst. calamene (16.0%), leptospermone (14.5%), δ−cadinene (6.1%), flavesone (4.5%), viridiflorene (4.4%), and isoleptospermone (3.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 0.96, 0.58 [60]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (51.0%), Limonene (33%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (7.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 10.1, 0.4, 32.6, 21.1, 4.9 [61]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 4.3 [62]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 1.9, 2.9, 2.6, 33.7, 5.7 [61]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 19.4 [62]\nLippia graveolens Kunth carvacrol (56.8%), o−cymene (32.1%), and γ-terpinene (3.7%) h MTT assay (Mardin−Darby bovine kidney cells), HSV-1, ACVR−HSV-1 (acyclovir−resistant HSV-1), HRSV (human respiratory syncytial virus) 99.6, 55.9, 68.0 [63]\nLippia junelliana (Moldenke) Tronc. piperitenone oxide (= rotundifolone) (36.5%), limonene (23.1%), camphor (7.9%), and spathulenol (6.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nLippia origanoides carvacrol (44.0%), thymol (15.0%), and γ-terpinene (10.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 11.1 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia turbinata Griseb. limonene (60.6%), piperitenone oxide (17.4%), and β-caryophyllene (6.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e 150 [37]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9–11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 0.3 [58]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9−11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1.5 [57]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (36.71%), γ-terpinene (22.20%), and α-terpinene (10.10%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A⁄PR ⁄ 8 virus subtype H1N1 60 [31]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (30–48%), γ-terpinene (10–28%), α-terpinene (5–13%), 1,8-cineole (up to 15%), terpinolene (1.5−5%), p-cymene (0.5–12%), α-pinene (1–6%), and α-terpineol (1.5–8%) 100% inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) virus at 0.01%; type A (H11N9) virus to tea tree oil vapor caused 100% inhibition [46]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 13.2 [64]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [52]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 2700 [47]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 significant plaque reduction at 10 and 5% v/v [65]\nMelaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm. 1,8-cineole (33.9%), terpinen-4-ol (18.8%), and γ-terpinene (10.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 99% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca ericifolia Sm. methyl eugenol (96.84%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91.5% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. 1,8-cineole (64.3%), α-terpineol (11.0%), and valencene (3.91%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 92% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelissa officinalis L. neral (17−32%), geranial (23–43%), linalool (up to 9.0%), citronellal (0.7–20.3%), geraniol (up to 23.2%), β-caryophyllene (up to 11.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (0.4−31.7%) influenza A virus (H9N2) Significant reduction at 5 μg/mL [46]\nMelissa officinalis L. β-cubebene (15.4%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%), α-cadinol (7.2%), geranial (6.6%), and neral (5.8%) Plaque reduction assay (HEp−2 cells), HSV-2 21 [67]\nMelissa officinalis L. geranial (20.1%), β-caryophyllene (17.3%), and neral (13.6%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 4, 0.8 [68]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (42.8%), menthone (14.6%), and isomenthone (5.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 20, 8 [69]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (43.8%), menthone (19.7%), menthyl acetate (6.5%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. limonene (7.4%), isopulegol (12.0%), and piperitenone oxide (41.8%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.87 [70]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. piperitenone oxide (86.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 5.1 [64]\nMinthostachys mollis Griseb. cis−piperitone epoxide (29.9%), piperitenone oxide (25.6%), menthone (7.4%), germacrene D (5.8%), and pulegone (5.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 70.7, 68.0 [55]\nOcimum basilicum var. album (L.) Benth. linalool (53.8%) and eugenol (12.6%) j Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nOcimum campechianum Mill. methyl eugenol (53.9%), β-caryophyllene (13.0%), α-bulnesene (5.4%), germacrene D (3.4%), and α-humulene (3.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 74.33 [55]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (leaf EO) p-cymene (16.2%), γ-terpinene (13.5%), thymol (14.2%), and carvacrol (19.2%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.37 [70]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (inflorescence EO) p-cymene (16.1%), γ-terpinene (7.3%), and carvacrol (40.1%), Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.75 [70]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 520 [47]\nOriganum vulgare L. trans−sabinene hydrate (21.0%), thymol (11.0%), and carvacrol methyl ether (11.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nOsmunda regalis L. hexahydrofarnesyl acetone ( = phytone) (11.8%), 2,4−di−t−butylphenol (6.8%), phytol (6.5%), hexadecene (4.1%), and octadecene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 type 2 2.24 [71]\nPectis odorata Griseb. limonene (50.2%), neral (27.2%), and geranial (23.6%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.6, 36.6, and 71.5 [38]\nPelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Aiton citronellol (21.9–37.5%), citronellyl formate (9.8–20.6%), geraniol (6.0–16.5%), geranyl formate (1.5–6.5%), menthone (up to 13%), isomenthone (up to 9.9%), and linalool (0.8−14.9%) influenza type A (H1N1) 95% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nPinus mugo Turra δ-3-carene (23.9%), α-pinene (17.9%), β-pinene (7.8%), and β-phellandrene (7.2%) k Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 7 [58]\nRavensara aromatica Sonn. (syn. Cryptocarya agathophylla van der Werff) 1,8-cineole (52.6%), α-terpineol (12.4%), and sabinene (11.0%) l Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. α-pinene (23.9%), verbenone (15.4%), camphor (11.0%), camphene (8.7%), p-cymene (7.5%), and 3−octanone (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 60 [41]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. 1,8-cineole (45.9%), α-pinene (12.0%), camphor (10.9%), and β-pinene (6.3%) b Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nSalvia fruticosa Mill. 1,8-cineole (47.5%), camphor (9.0%), β-thujone (7.6%), and α-thujone (4.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 1300 [72]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 22.7, 45.3 [73]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 5 [57]\nSantolina insularis (Gennari ex Fiori) Arrigoni artemisia ketone (21.2%), allo−aromadendrene (12.7%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%), and camphene (8.5%) m Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 0.88, 0.7 [74]\nSatureja hortensis L. carvacrol (32.4%), γ-terpinene (32.0%), thymol (10.0%), and p-cymene (6.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 80 [41]\nTessaria absinthioides (Hook. \u0026 Arn.) DC. caryophyllene oxide (12.2%), (E)-β-damascenone, γ-eudesmol (8.5%), α-gurjunene (5.8%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 105 [37]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (unripe fruit EO) carvacrol (68.6%), p-cymene (4.8%), γ-terpinene (3.0%), and β-caryophyllene (2.9%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.49 [70]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (ripe fruit EO) carvacrol (58.8%), p-cymene (5.6%), γ-terpinene (2.8%), and β-caryophyllene (2.6%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.50 [70]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (31–50%), p-cymene (0.1–26.6%), and γ-terpinene (up to 22.8%) 100% inhibition of type A (H1N1) virus at 0.3% concentration [46]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 10 [56]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 11 [52]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 7 [57]\nThymus willdenowii Boiss. 1,8-cineole (34.62%), camphor (18.55%), α-pinene (9.46%), and camphene (5.38%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus Inactive [75]\nTrachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague thymol (35–60%), α-pinene, p-cymene, and limonene Plaque reduction assay, Japanese encephalitis virus 80% reduction at 500 μg/mL [76]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (47.3%), carvacrol (21.9%), p-cymene (8.6%), γ-terpinene (4.2%), and β-caryophyllene (3.0%) Real time PCR (H9N2 subtype of AIV) Reduced viral replication in trachea of broiler chickens [77]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (33.1%), carvacrol (25.9%), and p-cymene (11.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 30 [41]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (32.1%), ar−curcumene (15.2%), β-sesquiphellandrene (10.9%), α-farnesene (7.2%), and α-phellandrene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Caprine alphaherpesvirus type I not determined [78]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1 [57]\na Reported as cadinol, but see [79,80]. b Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [81]. c Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition of commercial (dōTERRA International, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA). d Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [82]. e Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [83]. f Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [84]. g Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [85]. h Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [86]. i Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [87]. j Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [88]. k Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [89]. l Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [90]. m Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [91]."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":1709,"end":1714},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":10637,"end":10642},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":11099,"end":11104},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":11539,"end":11544},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":12124,"end":12129},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":17344,"end":17349},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":21363,"end":21375},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A13","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A14","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A15","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A16","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A17","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A18","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A19","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002383"}],"text":"Table 1 Essential oils showing antiviral activity.\nEssential Oil Major Components Assay IC50 (μg/mL) Reference\nAloysia gratissima (Gillies \u0026 Hook.) Tronc. caryophyllene oxide (15.8%), guaiol (17.4%) a, chrysanthenyl acetate (5.6%), and limonene oxide (5.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 65.0 [37]\nAloysia triphylla Royle α-thujone (22.9%), cis−carveol (17.5%), carvone (13.2%), and limonene (12.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e250 [38]\nArtemisia arborescens L. camphor (35.7%), β-thujone (24.0%), and chamazulene (7.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 25% inhibition at 100 μg/mL [39]\nArtemisia arborescens L. Artemisia arborescens L. β-thujone (45.0%), camphor (6.8%), and chamazulene (22.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 2.4, 4.1 [40]\nArtemisia douglasiana Besser α-thujone (68.3%) and β-thujone (7.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 83 [37]\nArtemisia kermanensis Podlech (syn. Seriphidium kermanense (Podlech) K. Bremer \u0026 Humphries α-thujone (13.8%), camphor (10.2%), and β-thujone (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 40 [41]\nArtemisia mendozana DC. camphor (22.4%), artemiseole (11.7%), artemisia alcohol (10.8%), and borneol (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 129.3, 178.6, and 153.7 [38]\nArtemisia princeps Pamp. borneol (12.1%), α-thujone (8.7%), τ−cadinol, (6.7%), and 1,8-cineole (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay, murine norovirus−1 64% inhibition at 0.01% [42]\nPlaque reduction assay, feline calicivirus−F9 48% inhibition at 0.1%\nArtemisia vulgaris L. α-thujone (38.1%), β-thujone (10.6%), and 1,8-cineole (8.8%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nAyapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M. King \u0026 H. Rob. thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether Plaque reduction assay (A549 cells), Zika virus 38.0 [44]\nBuddleja cordobensis Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (32.1%), β-caryophyllene (16.5%), and α-copaene (8.5%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 86.4, 39.0, and 54.1 [38]\nCedrus libani A. Rich. himachalol (22.5%), β-himachalene (21.9%), and α-himachalene (10.5%) Cytopathic effect (CPE) on Vero cells, HSV-1 440 [45]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) eugenol (75–85%), linalool (1.6−8.5%), (E)−cinnamaldehyde (0.6−1.5%), (E)−cinnamyl acetate (0.7–2.6%), β-caryophyllene (0.5–6.7%), eugenyl acetate (0.1–2.9%), and benzyl benzoate (0.1–8.3%) Influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) (E)−cinnamaldehyde (63.9%), eugenol (7.0%), and (E)−cinnamyl acetate (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 82 [47]\nCitrus × bergamia Risso \u0026 Poit. limonene (23–55%), linalool (2–37%), linalyl acetate (12–41%), β-pinene (up to 10%), and γ-terpinene (up to 10%) Influenza virus type A H1N1 100% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nCitrus limonum Risso limonene (54.6%), γ-terpinene (19.1%), and β-pinene (14.5%) d Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2500 [48]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (leaf EO) sabinene (40.5%), linalool (23.3%), and terpinen-4-ol (8.3%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 19.4% inhibition at 0.1 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (unripe fruit peel EO) limonene (82.4%) and linalool (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 61.5% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (ripe fruit peel EO) limonene (91.6%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 50% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCupressus sempervirens L. α-pinene (51.9%) and δ-3-carene (24.9%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 6600 [48]\nCymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf geranial (40.2%), neral (30.6%), and geraniol (6.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91 [48]\nCymbopogon flexuosus (Nees) Will. Watson geranial (48–54%) and neral (29–33%) Influenza virus type A (H1N1) [46]\nCynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr. ex H. Lév. (2E,4E)-decadienal (23.0%), γ-nonalactone (4.2%), 5-pentyl-2(3H)−furanone (3.8%), and 3-isopropyl-1-pentanol (3.5%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 64 [46]\nDysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin \u0026 Clemants cis-ascaridole (60.7%) and m-cymene (22.2%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 21.75 [49]\nEucalyptus astringens (Maiden) Maiden 1,8-cineole (42.0%), α-pinene (22.0%), and trans−pinocarveol (7.0%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus bicostata Maiden, Blakely \u0026 Simmonds 1,8-cineole (68.0%), globulol (5.4%), and trans−pinocarveol (4.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.6 [50]\nEucalyptus caesia Benth. 1,8-cineole (40.2%), p-cymene (14.1%), γ-terpinene (12.4%), α-pinene (7.7%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 70 [41]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Rotavirus Wa strain 50% inhibition at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 53.3% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, HSV-1 90% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, adenovirus type 7 0% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus cinereal F. Muell. ex Benth. 1,8-cineole (70.4%), α-pinene (4.5%), and limonene (3.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 1700 [48]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 55.0 [52]\nEucalyptus lehmannii (Schauer) Benth. 1,8-cineole (59.6%), α-pinene (17.6%), and α-terpineol (8.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 11.5 [50]\nEucalyptus leucoxylon F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (59.2%), α-pinene (7.8%), and α-terpineol (4.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 8.1 [50]\nEucalyptus maidenii F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (57.8%), p-cymene (7.4%), and α-pinene (7.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 14.5 [50]\nEucalyptus odorata Behr cryptone (20.9%), p-cymene (16.7%), phellandral (6.6%), and cuminal (6.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 19.2 [50]\nEucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Woolls 1,8-cineole (69.2%), α-pinene (6.9%), and α-terpineol (5.4%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 12.3 [50]\nEupatorium patens D. Don ex Hook. \u0026 Arn. germacrene D (36.2%), β-caryophyllene (14.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (7.0%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 125 [37]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (leaf EO) α-terpineol (55.5%), carvone (5.7%), carveol (5.5%), γ-muurolene (5.5%), and citronellal (5.0%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 6.77 [53]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (fruit EO) β-eudesmol (28.3%), α-muurolene (10.3%), β-gurjunene (10.0%), γ-eudesmol (8.4%), and γ-muurolene (6.6%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 38.89 [53]\nGaillardia megapotamica (Spreng.) Baker β-pinene (24.2%), (Z)-β-ocimene (16.5%), α-pinene (7.7%), limonene (7.5%), and β-caryophyllene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 140.6, 49.8, and 99.1 [38]\nHeterothalamus alienus (Spreng.) Kuntze β-pinene (35.5%), spathulenol (10.7%), and germacrene D (6.8%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 122.3, 44.2 and 148.4 [38]\nHeterotheca latifolia Buckley borneol (40.0%), camphor (24.3%), and limonene (5.1%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nHouttuynia cordata Thunb. decanal (3.4−8.9%), decanol (up to 7.0%), 2−undecanone (23.0−36.1%), decanoic acid (1.4−6.3%), dodecanal (up to 7.3%), and 2−tridecanone (2.6−5.6%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 48 [54]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. fenchone (17.1%), 1,8-cineole (12.6%), β-caryophyllene (10.9%), bicyclogermacrene (8.7%), and germacrene D (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 (Human Herpesvirus type 1) 79.01 [55]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. germacrene D (15.1%), β-caryophyllene (13.3%), curzerene (13.3%), and bicyclogermacrene (13.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells) \u003e150 [37]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [56]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 6 [57]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 40 [58]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [59]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 30 [57]\nJungia polita Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (9.2%) and β-caryophyllene (8.1%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.8, 134.2 and 136.4 [38]\nJuniperus communis L. α-pinene (46.7%), myrcene (15.0%), sabinene (13.2%), and limonene (7.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nLavandula angustifolia Mill. linalyl acetate (37.0−43.6%), linalool (19.7−39.1%), geraniol (up to 9.3%), β-caryophyllene (up to 5.1%), terpinene−4−ol (up to 14.9%), lavandulol (up to 1.5%), lavandulyl acetate (up to 5.5%), 1,8-cineole (up to 4.1%), and borneol (up to 6.4%) 85% in vitro inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nLavandula latifolia Medik. linalool (31.9%), 1,8-cineole (18.8%), and borneol (10.1%) g Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nLepechinia salviifolia (Kunth) Epling camphor (10.3%), limonene (9.7%), p−mentha−1(7),8−diene (7.4%), α-pinene (6.9%), and γ-terpinene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 68.8, 81.9 [55]\nLepechinia vulcanicola J.R.I. Wood limonene (18.9%), germacrene D (10.4%), 1−octen−3−ol (8.8%), β-caryophyllene (8.7%), and α-pinene (8.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 112, 68.9 [55]\nLeptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. \u0026 G. Forst. calamene (16.0%), leptospermone (14.5%), δ−cadinene (6.1%), flavesone (4.5%), viridiflorene (4.4%), and isoleptospermone (3.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 0.96, 0.58 [60]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (51.0%), Limonene (33%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (7.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 10.1, 0.4, 32.6, 21.1, 4.9 [61]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 4.3 [62]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 1.9, 2.9, 2.6, 33.7, 5.7 [61]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 19.4 [62]\nLippia graveolens Kunth carvacrol (56.8%), o−cymene (32.1%), and γ-terpinene (3.7%) h MTT assay (Mardin−Darby bovine kidney cells), HSV-1, ACVR−HSV-1 (acyclovir−resistant HSV-1), HRSV (human respiratory syncytial virus) 99.6, 55.9, 68.0 [63]\nLippia junelliana (Moldenke) Tronc. piperitenone oxide (= rotundifolone) (36.5%), limonene (23.1%), camphor (7.9%), and spathulenol (6.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nLippia origanoides carvacrol (44.0%), thymol (15.0%), and γ-terpinene (10.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 11.1 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia turbinata Griseb. limonene (60.6%), piperitenone oxide (17.4%), and β-caryophyllene (6.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e 150 [37]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9–11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 0.3 [58]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9−11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1.5 [57]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (36.71%), γ-terpinene (22.20%), and α-terpinene (10.10%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A⁄PR ⁄ 8 virus subtype H1N1 60 [31]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (30–48%), γ-terpinene (10–28%), α-terpinene (5–13%), 1,8-cineole (up to 15%), terpinolene (1.5−5%), p-cymene (0.5–12%), α-pinene (1–6%), and α-terpineol (1.5–8%) 100% inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) virus at 0.01%; type A (H11N9) virus to tea tree oil vapor caused 100% inhibition [46]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 13.2 [64]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [52]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 2700 [47]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 significant plaque reduction at 10 and 5% v/v [65]\nMelaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm. 1,8-cineole (33.9%), terpinen-4-ol (18.8%), and γ-terpinene (10.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 99% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca ericifolia Sm. methyl eugenol (96.84%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91.5% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. 1,8-cineole (64.3%), α-terpineol (11.0%), and valencene (3.91%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 92% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelissa officinalis L. neral (17−32%), geranial (23–43%), linalool (up to 9.0%), citronellal (0.7–20.3%), geraniol (up to 23.2%), β-caryophyllene (up to 11.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (0.4−31.7%) influenza A virus (H9N2) Significant reduction at 5 μg/mL [46]\nMelissa officinalis L. β-cubebene (15.4%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%), α-cadinol (7.2%), geranial (6.6%), and neral (5.8%) Plaque reduction assay (HEp−2 cells), HSV-2 21 [67]\nMelissa officinalis L. geranial (20.1%), β-caryophyllene (17.3%), and neral (13.6%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 4, 0.8 [68]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (42.8%), menthone (14.6%), and isomenthone (5.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 20, 8 [69]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (43.8%), menthone (19.7%), menthyl acetate (6.5%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. limonene (7.4%), isopulegol (12.0%), and piperitenone oxide (41.8%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.87 [70]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. piperitenone oxide (86.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 5.1 [64]\nMinthostachys mollis Griseb. cis−piperitone epoxide (29.9%), piperitenone oxide (25.6%), menthone (7.4%), germacrene D (5.8%), and pulegone (5.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 70.7, 68.0 [55]\nOcimum basilicum var. album (L.) Benth. linalool (53.8%) and eugenol (12.6%) j Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nOcimum campechianum Mill. methyl eugenol (53.9%), β-caryophyllene (13.0%), α-bulnesene (5.4%), germacrene D (3.4%), and α-humulene (3.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 74.33 [55]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (leaf EO) p-cymene (16.2%), γ-terpinene (13.5%), thymol (14.2%), and carvacrol (19.2%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.37 [70]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (inflorescence EO) p-cymene (16.1%), γ-terpinene (7.3%), and carvacrol (40.1%), Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.75 [70]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 520 [47]\nOriganum vulgare L. trans−sabinene hydrate (21.0%), thymol (11.0%), and carvacrol methyl ether (11.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nOsmunda regalis L. hexahydrofarnesyl acetone ( = phytone) (11.8%), 2,4−di−t−butylphenol (6.8%), phytol (6.5%), hexadecene (4.1%), and octadecene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 type 2 2.24 [71]\nPectis odorata Griseb. limonene (50.2%), neral (27.2%), and geranial (23.6%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.6, 36.6, and 71.5 [38]\nPelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Aiton citronellol (21.9–37.5%), citronellyl formate (9.8–20.6%), geraniol (6.0–16.5%), geranyl formate (1.5–6.5%), menthone (up to 13%), isomenthone (up to 9.9%), and linalool (0.8−14.9%) influenza type A (H1N1) 95% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nPinus mugo Turra δ-3-carene (23.9%), α-pinene (17.9%), β-pinene (7.8%), and β-phellandrene (7.2%) k Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 7 [58]\nRavensara aromatica Sonn. (syn. Cryptocarya agathophylla van der Werff) 1,8-cineole (52.6%), α-terpineol (12.4%), and sabinene (11.0%) l Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. α-pinene (23.9%), verbenone (15.4%), camphor (11.0%), camphene (8.7%), p-cymene (7.5%), and 3−octanone (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 60 [41]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. 1,8-cineole (45.9%), α-pinene (12.0%), camphor (10.9%), and β-pinene (6.3%) b Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nSalvia fruticosa Mill. 1,8-cineole (47.5%), camphor (9.0%), β-thujone (7.6%), and α-thujone (4.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 1300 [72]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 22.7, 45.3 [73]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 5 [57]\nSantolina insularis (Gennari ex Fiori) Arrigoni artemisia ketone (21.2%), allo−aromadendrene (12.7%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%), and camphene (8.5%) m Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 0.88, 0.7 [74]\nSatureja hortensis L. carvacrol (32.4%), γ-terpinene (32.0%), thymol (10.0%), and p-cymene (6.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 80 [41]\nTessaria absinthioides (Hook. \u0026 Arn.) DC. caryophyllene oxide (12.2%), (E)-β-damascenone, γ-eudesmol (8.5%), α-gurjunene (5.8%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 105 [37]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (unripe fruit EO) carvacrol (68.6%), p-cymene (4.8%), γ-terpinene (3.0%), and β-caryophyllene (2.9%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.49 [70]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (ripe fruit EO) carvacrol (58.8%), p-cymene (5.6%), γ-terpinene (2.8%), and β-caryophyllene (2.6%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.50 [70]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (31–50%), p-cymene (0.1–26.6%), and γ-terpinene (up to 22.8%) 100% inhibition of type A (H1N1) virus at 0.3% concentration [46]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 10 [56]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 11 [52]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 7 [57]\nThymus willdenowii Boiss. 1,8-cineole (34.62%), camphor (18.55%), α-pinene (9.46%), and camphene (5.38%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus Inactive [75]\nTrachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague thymol (35–60%), α-pinene, p-cymene, and limonene Plaque reduction assay, Japanese encephalitis virus 80% reduction at 500 μg/mL [76]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (47.3%), carvacrol (21.9%), p-cymene (8.6%), γ-terpinene (4.2%), and β-caryophyllene (3.0%) Real time PCR (H9N2 subtype of AIV) Reduced viral replication in trachea of broiler chickens [77]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (33.1%), carvacrol (25.9%), and p-cymene (11.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 30 [41]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (32.1%), ar−curcumene (15.2%), β-sesquiphellandrene (10.9%), α-farnesene (7.2%), and α-phellandrene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Caprine alphaherpesvirus type I not determined [78]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1 [57]\na Reported as cadinol, but see [79,80]. b Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [81]. c Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition of commercial (dōTERRA International, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA). d Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [82]. e Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [83]. f Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [84]. g Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [85]. h Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [86]. i Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [87]. j Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [88]. k Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [89]. l Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [90]. m Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [91]."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":21588,"end":21605},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019079"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":21588,"end":21605},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019058"}],"text":"Table 1 Essential oils showing antiviral activity.\nEssential Oil Major Components Assay IC50 (μg/mL) Reference\nAloysia gratissima (Gillies \u0026 Hook.) Tronc. caryophyllene oxide (15.8%), guaiol (17.4%) a, chrysanthenyl acetate (5.6%), and limonene oxide (5.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 65.0 [37]\nAloysia triphylla Royle α-thujone (22.9%), cis−carveol (17.5%), carvone (13.2%), and limonene (12.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e250 [38]\nArtemisia arborescens L. camphor (35.7%), β-thujone (24.0%), and chamazulene (7.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 25% inhibition at 100 μg/mL [39]\nArtemisia arborescens L. Artemisia arborescens L. β-thujone (45.0%), camphor (6.8%), and chamazulene (22.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 2.4, 4.1 [40]\nArtemisia douglasiana Besser α-thujone (68.3%) and β-thujone (7.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 83 [37]\nArtemisia kermanensis Podlech (syn. Seriphidium kermanense (Podlech) K. Bremer \u0026 Humphries α-thujone (13.8%), camphor (10.2%), and β-thujone (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 40 [41]\nArtemisia mendozana DC. camphor (22.4%), artemiseole (11.7%), artemisia alcohol (10.8%), and borneol (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 129.3, 178.6, and 153.7 [38]\nArtemisia princeps Pamp. borneol (12.1%), α-thujone (8.7%), τ−cadinol, (6.7%), and 1,8-cineole (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay, murine norovirus−1 64% inhibition at 0.01% [42]\nPlaque reduction assay, feline calicivirus−F9 48% inhibition at 0.1%\nArtemisia vulgaris L. α-thujone (38.1%), β-thujone (10.6%), and 1,8-cineole (8.8%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nAyapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M. King \u0026 H. Rob. thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether Plaque reduction assay (A549 cells), Zika virus 38.0 [44]\nBuddleja cordobensis Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (32.1%), β-caryophyllene (16.5%), and α-copaene (8.5%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 86.4, 39.0, and 54.1 [38]\nCedrus libani A. Rich. himachalol (22.5%), β-himachalene (21.9%), and α-himachalene (10.5%) Cytopathic effect (CPE) on Vero cells, HSV-1 440 [45]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) eugenol (75–85%), linalool (1.6−8.5%), (E)−cinnamaldehyde (0.6−1.5%), (E)−cinnamyl acetate (0.7–2.6%), β-caryophyllene (0.5–6.7%), eugenyl acetate (0.1–2.9%), and benzyl benzoate (0.1–8.3%) Influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) (E)−cinnamaldehyde (63.9%), eugenol (7.0%), and (E)−cinnamyl acetate (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 82 [47]\nCitrus × bergamia Risso \u0026 Poit. limonene (23–55%), linalool (2–37%), linalyl acetate (12–41%), β-pinene (up to 10%), and γ-terpinene (up to 10%) Influenza virus type A H1N1 100% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nCitrus limonum Risso limonene (54.6%), γ-terpinene (19.1%), and β-pinene (14.5%) d Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2500 [48]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (leaf EO) sabinene (40.5%), linalool (23.3%), and terpinen-4-ol (8.3%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 19.4% inhibition at 0.1 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (unripe fruit peel EO) limonene (82.4%) and linalool (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 61.5% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (ripe fruit peel EO) limonene (91.6%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 50% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCupressus sempervirens L. α-pinene (51.9%) and δ-3-carene (24.9%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 6600 [48]\nCymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf geranial (40.2%), neral (30.6%), and geraniol (6.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91 [48]\nCymbopogon flexuosus (Nees) Will. Watson geranial (48–54%) and neral (29–33%) Influenza virus type A (H1N1) [46]\nCynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr. ex H. Lév. (2E,4E)-decadienal (23.0%), γ-nonalactone (4.2%), 5-pentyl-2(3H)−furanone (3.8%), and 3-isopropyl-1-pentanol (3.5%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 64 [46]\nDysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin \u0026 Clemants cis-ascaridole (60.7%) and m-cymene (22.2%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 21.75 [49]\nEucalyptus astringens (Maiden) Maiden 1,8-cineole (42.0%), α-pinene (22.0%), and trans−pinocarveol (7.0%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus bicostata Maiden, Blakely \u0026 Simmonds 1,8-cineole (68.0%), globulol (5.4%), and trans−pinocarveol (4.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.6 [50]\nEucalyptus caesia Benth. 1,8-cineole (40.2%), p-cymene (14.1%), γ-terpinene (12.4%), α-pinene (7.7%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 70 [41]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Rotavirus Wa strain 50% inhibition at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 53.3% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, HSV-1 90% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, adenovirus type 7 0% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus cinereal F. Muell. ex Benth. 1,8-cineole (70.4%), α-pinene (4.5%), and limonene (3.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 1700 [48]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 55.0 [52]\nEucalyptus lehmannii (Schauer) Benth. 1,8-cineole (59.6%), α-pinene (17.6%), and α-terpineol (8.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 11.5 [50]\nEucalyptus leucoxylon F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (59.2%), α-pinene (7.8%), and α-terpineol (4.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 8.1 [50]\nEucalyptus maidenii F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (57.8%), p-cymene (7.4%), and α-pinene (7.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 14.5 [50]\nEucalyptus odorata Behr cryptone (20.9%), p-cymene (16.7%), phellandral (6.6%), and cuminal (6.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 19.2 [50]\nEucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Woolls 1,8-cineole (69.2%), α-pinene (6.9%), and α-terpineol (5.4%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 12.3 [50]\nEupatorium patens D. Don ex Hook. \u0026 Arn. germacrene D (36.2%), β-caryophyllene (14.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (7.0%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 125 [37]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (leaf EO) α-terpineol (55.5%), carvone (5.7%), carveol (5.5%), γ-muurolene (5.5%), and citronellal (5.0%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 6.77 [53]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (fruit EO) β-eudesmol (28.3%), α-muurolene (10.3%), β-gurjunene (10.0%), γ-eudesmol (8.4%), and γ-muurolene (6.6%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 38.89 [53]\nGaillardia megapotamica (Spreng.) Baker β-pinene (24.2%), (Z)-β-ocimene (16.5%), α-pinene (7.7%), limonene (7.5%), and β-caryophyllene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 140.6, 49.8, and 99.1 [38]\nHeterothalamus alienus (Spreng.) Kuntze β-pinene (35.5%), spathulenol (10.7%), and germacrene D (6.8%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 122.3, 44.2 and 148.4 [38]\nHeterotheca latifolia Buckley borneol (40.0%), camphor (24.3%), and limonene (5.1%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nHouttuynia cordata Thunb. decanal (3.4−8.9%), decanol (up to 7.0%), 2−undecanone (23.0−36.1%), decanoic acid (1.4−6.3%), dodecanal (up to 7.3%), and 2−tridecanone (2.6−5.6%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 48 [54]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. fenchone (17.1%), 1,8-cineole (12.6%), β-caryophyllene (10.9%), bicyclogermacrene (8.7%), and germacrene D (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 (Human Herpesvirus type 1) 79.01 [55]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. germacrene D (15.1%), β-caryophyllene (13.3%), curzerene (13.3%), and bicyclogermacrene (13.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells) \u003e150 [37]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [56]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 6 [57]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 40 [58]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [59]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 30 [57]\nJungia polita Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (9.2%) and β-caryophyllene (8.1%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.8, 134.2 and 136.4 [38]\nJuniperus communis L. α-pinene (46.7%), myrcene (15.0%), sabinene (13.2%), and limonene (7.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nLavandula angustifolia Mill. linalyl acetate (37.0−43.6%), linalool (19.7−39.1%), geraniol (up to 9.3%), β-caryophyllene (up to 5.1%), terpinene−4−ol (up to 14.9%), lavandulol (up to 1.5%), lavandulyl acetate (up to 5.5%), 1,8-cineole (up to 4.1%), and borneol (up to 6.4%) 85% in vitro inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nLavandula latifolia Medik. linalool (31.9%), 1,8-cineole (18.8%), and borneol (10.1%) g Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nLepechinia salviifolia (Kunth) Epling camphor (10.3%), limonene (9.7%), p−mentha−1(7),8−diene (7.4%), α-pinene (6.9%), and γ-terpinene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 68.8, 81.9 [55]\nLepechinia vulcanicola J.R.I. Wood limonene (18.9%), germacrene D (10.4%), 1−octen−3−ol (8.8%), β-caryophyllene (8.7%), and α-pinene (8.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 112, 68.9 [55]\nLeptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. \u0026 G. Forst. calamene (16.0%), leptospermone (14.5%), δ−cadinene (6.1%), flavesone (4.5%), viridiflorene (4.4%), and isoleptospermone (3.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 0.96, 0.58 [60]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (51.0%), Limonene (33%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (7.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 10.1, 0.4, 32.6, 21.1, 4.9 [61]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 4.3 [62]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 1.9, 2.9, 2.6, 33.7, 5.7 [61]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 19.4 [62]\nLippia graveolens Kunth carvacrol (56.8%), o−cymene (32.1%), and γ-terpinene (3.7%) h MTT assay (Mardin−Darby bovine kidney cells), HSV-1, ACVR−HSV-1 (acyclovir−resistant HSV-1), HRSV (human respiratory syncytial virus) 99.6, 55.9, 68.0 [63]\nLippia junelliana (Moldenke) Tronc. piperitenone oxide (= rotundifolone) (36.5%), limonene (23.1%), camphor (7.9%), and spathulenol (6.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nLippia origanoides carvacrol (44.0%), thymol (15.0%), and γ-terpinene (10.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 11.1 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia turbinata Griseb. limonene (60.6%), piperitenone oxide (17.4%), and β-caryophyllene (6.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e 150 [37]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9–11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 0.3 [58]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9−11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1.5 [57]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (36.71%), γ-terpinene (22.20%), and α-terpinene (10.10%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A⁄PR ⁄ 8 virus subtype H1N1 60 [31]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (30–48%), γ-terpinene (10–28%), α-terpinene (5–13%), 1,8-cineole (up to 15%), terpinolene (1.5−5%), p-cymene (0.5–12%), α-pinene (1–6%), and α-terpineol (1.5–8%) 100% inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) virus at 0.01%; type A (H11N9) virus to tea tree oil vapor caused 100% inhibition [46]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 13.2 [64]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [52]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 2700 [47]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 significant plaque reduction at 10 and 5% v/v [65]\nMelaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm. 1,8-cineole (33.9%), terpinen-4-ol (18.8%), and γ-terpinene (10.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 99% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca ericifolia Sm. methyl eugenol (96.84%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91.5% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. 1,8-cineole (64.3%), α-terpineol (11.0%), and valencene (3.91%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 92% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelissa officinalis L. neral (17−32%), geranial (23–43%), linalool (up to 9.0%), citronellal (0.7–20.3%), geraniol (up to 23.2%), β-caryophyllene (up to 11.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (0.4−31.7%) influenza A virus (H9N2) Significant reduction at 5 μg/mL [46]\nMelissa officinalis L. β-cubebene (15.4%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%), α-cadinol (7.2%), geranial (6.6%), and neral (5.8%) Plaque reduction assay (HEp−2 cells), HSV-2 21 [67]\nMelissa officinalis L. geranial (20.1%), β-caryophyllene (17.3%), and neral (13.6%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 4, 0.8 [68]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (42.8%), menthone (14.6%), and isomenthone (5.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 20, 8 [69]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (43.8%), menthone (19.7%), menthyl acetate (6.5%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. limonene (7.4%), isopulegol (12.0%), and piperitenone oxide (41.8%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.87 [70]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. piperitenone oxide (86.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 5.1 [64]\nMinthostachys mollis Griseb. cis−piperitone epoxide (29.9%), piperitenone oxide (25.6%), menthone (7.4%), germacrene D (5.8%), and pulegone (5.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 70.7, 68.0 [55]\nOcimum basilicum var. album (L.) Benth. linalool (53.8%) and eugenol (12.6%) j Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nOcimum campechianum Mill. methyl eugenol (53.9%), β-caryophyllene (13.0%), α-bulnesene (5.4%), germacrene D (3.4%), and α-humulene (3.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 74.33 [55]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (leaf EO) p-cymene (16.2%), γ-terpinene (13.5%), thymol (14.2%), and carvacrol (19.2%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.37 [70]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (inflorescence EO) p-cymene (16.1%), γ-terpinene (7.3%), and carvacrol (40.1%), Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.75 [70]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 520 [47]\nOriganum vulgare L. trans−sabinene hydrate (21.0%), thymol (11.0%), and carvacrol methyl ether (11.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nOsmunda regalis L. hexahydrofarnesyl acetone ( = phytone) (11.8%), 2,4−di−t−butylphenol (6.8%), phytol (6.5%), hexadecene (4.1%), and octadecene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 type 2 2.24 [71]\nPectis odorata Griseb. limonene (50.2%), neral (27.2%), and geranial (23.6%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.6, 36.6, and 71.5 [38]\nPelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Aiton citronellol (21.9–37.5%), citronellyl formate (9.8–20.6%), geraniol (6.0–16.5%), geranyl formate (1.5–6.5%), menthone (up to 13%), isomenthone (up to 9.9%), and linalool (0.8−14.9%) influenza type A (H1N1) 95% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nPinus mugo Turra δ-3-carene (23.9%), α-pinene (17.9%), β-pinene (7.8%), and β-phellandrene (7.2%) k Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 7 [58]\nRavensara aromatica Sonn. (syn. Cryptocarya agathophylla van der Werff) 1,8-cineole (52.6%), α-terpineol (12.4%), and sabinene (11.0%) l Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. α-pinene (23.9%), verbenone (15.4%), camphor (11.0%), camphene (8.7%), p-cymene (7.5%), and 3−octanone (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 60 [41]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. 1,8-cineole (45.9%), α-pinene (12.0%), camphor (10.9%), and β-pinene (6.3%) b Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nSalvia fruticosa Mill. 1,8-cineole (47.5%), camphor (9.0%), β-thujone (7.6%), and α-thujone (4.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 1300 [72]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 22.7, 45.3 [73]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 5 [57]\nSantolina insularis (Gennari ex Fiori) Arrigoni artemisia ketone (21.2%), allo−aromadendrene (12.7%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%), and camphene (8.5%) m Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 0.88, 0.7 [74]\nSatureja hortensis L. carvacrol (32.4%), γ-terpinene (32.0%), thymol (10.0%), and p-cymene (6.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 80 [41]\nTessaria absinthioides (Hook. \u0026 Arn.) DC. caryophyllene oxide (12.2%), (E)-β-damascenone, γ-eudesmol (8.5%), α-gurjunene (5.8%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 105 [37]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (unripe fruit EO) carvacrol (68.6%), p-cymene (4.8%), γ-terpinene (3.0%), and β-caryophyllene (2.9%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.49 [70]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (ripe fruit EO) carvacrol (58.8%), p-cymene (5.6%), γ-terpinene (2.8%), and β-caryophyllene (2.6%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.50 [70]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (31–50%), p-cymene (0.1–26.6%), and γ-terpinene (up to 22.8%) 100% inhibition of type A (H1N1) virus at 0.3% concentration [46]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 10 [56]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 11 [52]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 7 [57]\nThymus willdenowii Boiss. 1,8-cineole (34.62%), camphor (18.55%), α-pinene (9.46%), and camphene (5.38%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus Inactive [75]\nTrachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague thymol (35–60%), α-pinene, p-cymene, and limonene Plaque reduction assay, Japanese encephalitis virus 80% reduction at 500 μg/mL [76]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (47.3%), carvacrol (21.9%), p-cymene (8.6%), γ-terpinene (4.2%), and β-caryophyllene (3.0%) Real time PCR (H9N2 subtype of AIV) Reduced viral replication in trachea of broiler chickens [77]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (33.1%), carvacrol (25.9%), and p-cymene (11.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 30 [41]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (32.1%), ar−curcumene (15.2%), β-sesquiphellandrene (10.9%), α-farnesene (7.2%), and α-phellandrene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Caprine alphaherpesvirus type I not determined [78]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1 [57]\na Reported as cadinol, but see [79,80]. b Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [81]. c Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition of commercial (dōTERRA International, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA). d Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [82]. e Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [83]. f Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [84]. g Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [85]. h Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [86]. i Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [87]. j Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [88]. k Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [89]. l Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [90]. m Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [91]."}

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1 Essential oils showing antiviral activity.\nEssential Oil Major Components Assay IC50 (μg/mL) Reference\nAloysia gratissima (Gillies \u0026 Hook.) Tronc. caryophyllene oxide (15.8%), guaiol (17.4%) a, chrysanthenyl acetate (5.6%), and limonene oxide (5.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 65.0 [37]\nAloysia triphylla Royle α-thujone (22.9%), cis−carveol (17.5%), carvone (13.2%), and limonene (12.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e250 [38]\nArtemisia arborescens L. camphor (35.7%), β-thujone (24.0%), and chamazulene (7.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 25% inhibition at 100 μg/mL [39]\nArtemisia arborescens L. Artemisia arborescens L. β-thujone (45.0%), camphor (6.8%), and chamazulene (22.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 2.4, 4.1 [40]\nArtemisia douglasiana Besser α-thujone (68.3%) and β-thujone (7.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 83 [37]\nArtemisia kermanensis Podlech (syn. Seriphidium kermanense (Podlech) K. Bremer \u0026 Humphries α-thujone (13.8%), camphor (10.2%), and β-thujone (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 40 [41]\nArtemisia mendozana DC. camphor (22.4%), artemiseole (11.7%), artemisia alcohol (10.8%), and borneol (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 129.3, 178.6, and 153.7 [38]\nArtemisia princeps Pamp. borneol (12.1%), α-thujone (8.7%), τ−cadinol, (6.7%), and 1,8-cineole (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay, murine norovirus−1 64% inhibition at 0.01% [42]\nPlaque reduction assay, feline calicivirus−F9 48% inhibition at 0.1%\nArtemisia vulgaris L. α-thujone (38.1%), β-thujone (10.6%), and 1,8-cineole (8.8%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nAyapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M. King \u0026 H. Rob. thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether Plaque reduction assay (A549 cells), Zika virus 38.0 [44]\nBuddleja cordobensis Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (32.1%), β-caryophyllene (16.5%), and α-copaene (8.5%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 86.4, 39.0, and 54.1 [38]\nCedrus libani A. Rich. himachalol (22.5%), β-himachalene (21.9%), and α-himachalene (10.5%) Cytopathic effect (CPE) on Vero cells, HSV-1 440 [45]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) eugenol (75–85%), linalool (1.6−8.5%), (E)−cinnamaldehyde (0.6−1.5%), (E)−cinnamyl acetate (0.7–2.6%), β-caryophyllene (0.5–6.7%), eugenyl acetate (0.1–2.9%), and benzyl benzoate (0.1–8.3%) Influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) (E)−cinnamaldehyde (63.9%), eugenol (7.0%), and (E)−cinnamyl acetate (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 82 [47]\nCitrus × bergamia Risso \u0026 Poit. limonene (23–55%), linalool (2–37%), linalyl acetate (12–41%), β-pinene (up to 10%), and γ-terpinene (up to 10%) Influenza virus type A H1N1 100% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nCitrus limonum Risso limonene (54.6%), γ-terpinene (19.1%), and β-pinene (14.5%) d Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2500 [48]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (leaf EO) sabinene (40.5%), linalool (23.3%), and terpinen-4-ol (8.3%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 19.4% inhibition at 0.1 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (unripe fruit peel EO) limonene (82.4%) and linalool (7.2%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 61.5% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCitrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (ripe fruit peel EO) limonene (91.6%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1 50% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL [36]\nCupressus sempervirens L. α-pinene (51.9%) and δ-3-carene (24.9%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 6600 [48]\nCymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf geranial (40.2%), neral (30.6%), and geraniol (6.7%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91 [48]\nCymbopogon flexuosus (Nees) Will. Watson geranial (48–54%) and neral (29–33%) Influenza virus type A (H1N1) [46]\nCynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr. ex H. Lév. (2E,4E)-decadienal (23.0%), γ-nonalactone (4.2%), 5-pentyl-2(3H)−furanone (3.8%), and 3-isopropyl-1-pentanol (3.5%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 64 [46]\nDysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin \u0026 Clemants cis-ascaridole (60.7%) and m-cymene (22.2%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 21.75 [49]\nEucalyptus astringens (Maiden) Maiden 1,8-cineole (42.0%), α-pinene (22.0%), and trans−pinocarveol (7.0%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus bicostata Maiden, Blakely \u0026 Simmonds 1,8-cineole (68.0%), globulol (5.4%), and trans−pinocarveol (4.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.6 [50]\nEucalyptus caesia Benth. 1,8-cineole (40.2%), p-cymene (14.1%), γ-terpinene (12.4%), α-pinene (7.7%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 70 [41]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Rotavirus Wa strain 50% inhibition at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 53.3% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, HSV-1 90% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e Plaque reduction assay, adenovirus type 7 0% at 10% EO concentration [51]\nEucalyptus cinereal F. Muell. ex Benth. 1,8-cineole (70.4%), α-pinene (4.5%), and limonene (3.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 13.0 [50]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 1700 [48]\nEucalyptus globulus Labill. 1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 55.0 [52]\nEucalyptus lehmannii (Schauer) Benth. 1,8-cineole (59.6%), α-pinene (17.6%), and α-terpineol (8.7%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 11.5 [50]\nEucalyptus leucoxylon F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (59.2%), α-pinene (7.8%), and α-terpineol (4.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 8.1 [50]\nEucalyptus maidenii F. Muell. 1,8-cineole (57.8%), p-cymene (7.4%), and α-pinene (7.3%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 14.5 [50]\nEucalyptus odorata Behr cryptone (20.9%), p-cymene (16.7%), phellandral (6.6%), and cuminal (6.6%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 19.2 [50]\nEucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Woolls 1,8-cineole (69.2%), α-pinene (6.9%), and α-terpineol (5.4%) Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3 12.3 [50]\nEupatorium patens D. Don ex Hook. \u0026 Arn. germacrene D (36.2%), β-caryophyllene (14.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (7.0%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 125 [37]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (leaf EO) α-terpineol (55.5%), carvone (5.7%), carveol (5.5%), γ-muurolene (5.5%), and citronellal (5.0%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 6.77 [53]\nFortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (fruit EO) β-eudesmol (28.3%), α-muurolene (10.3%), β-gurjunene (10.0%), γ-eudesmol (8.4%), and γ-muurolene (6.6%) MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1 38.89 [53]\nGaillardia megapotamica (Spreng.) Baker β-pinene (24.2%), (Z)-β-ocimene (16.5%), α-pinene (7.7%), limonene (7.5%), and β-caryophyllene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 140.6, 49.8, and 99.1 [38]\nHeterothalamus alienus (Spreng.) Kuntze β-pinene (35.5%), spathulenol (10.7%), and germacrene D (6.8%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 122.3, 44.2 and 148.4 [38]\nHeterotheca latifolia Buckley borneol (40.0%), camphor (24.3%), and limonene (5.1%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nHouttuynia cordata Thunb. decanal (3.4−8.9%), decanol (up to 7.0%), 2−undecanone (23.0−36.1%), decanoic acid (1.4−6.3%), dodecanal (up to 7.3%), and 2−tridecanone (2.6−5.6%) Influenza type A (H1N1) 48 [54]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. fenchone (17.1%), 1,8-cineole (12.6%), β-caryophyllene (10.9%), bicyclogermacrene (8.7%), and germacrene D (6.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 (Human Herpesvirus type 1) 79.01 [55]\nHyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. germacrene D (15.1%), β-caryophyllene (13.3%), curzerene (13.3%), and bicyclogermacrene (13.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells) \u003e150 [37]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [56]\nHyssopus officinalis L. cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 6 [57]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 40 [58]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 1 [59]\nIllicium verum Hook. f. (E)−anethole (90.5%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 30 [57]\nJungia polita Griseb. caryophyllene oxide (9.2%) and β-caryophyllene (8.1%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.8, 134.2 and 136.4 [38]\nJuniperus communis L. α-pinene (46.7%), myrcene (15.0%), sabinene (13.2%), and limonene (7.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nLavandula angustifolia Mill. linalyl acetate (37.0−43.6%), linalool (19.7−39.1%), geraniol (up to 9.3%), β-caryophyllene (up to 5.1%), terpinene−4−ol (up to 14.9%), lavandulol (up to 1.5%), lavandulyl acetate (up to 5.5%), 1,8-cineole (up to 4.1%), and borneol (up to 6.4%) 85% in vitro inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) [46]\nLavandula latifolia Medik. linalool (31.9%), 1,8-cineole (18.8%), and borneol (10.1%) g Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nLepechinia salviifolia (Kunth) Epling camphor (10.3%), limonene (9.7%), p−mentha−1(7),8−diene (7.4%), α-pinene (6.9%), and γ-terpinene (6.7%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 68.8, 81.9 [55]\nLepechinia vulcanicola J.R.I. Wood limonene (18.9%), germacrene D (10.4%), 1−octen−3−ol (8.8%), β-caryophyllene (8.7%), and α-pinene (8.2%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 112, 68.9 [55]\nLeptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. \u0026 G. Forst. calamene (16.0%), leptospermone (14.5%), δ−cadinene (6.1%), flavesone (4.5%), viridiflorene (4.4%), and isoleptospermone (3.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 0.96, 0.58 [60]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (51.0%), Limonene (33%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (7.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 10.1, 0.4, 32.6, 21.1, 4.9 [61]\nLippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton \u0026 P. Wilson carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 4.3 [62]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD 1.9, 2.9, 2.6, 33.7, 5.7 [61]\nLippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV) 19.4 [62]\nLippia graveolens Kunth carvacrol (56.8%), o−cymene (32.1%), and γ-terpinene (3.7%) h MTT assay (Mardin−Darby bovine kidney cells), HSV-1, ACVR−HSV-1 (acyclovir−resistant HSV-1), HRSV (human respiratory syncytial virus) 99.6, 55.9, 68.0 [63]\nLippia junelliana (Moldenke) Tronc. piperitenone oxide (= rotundifolone) (36.5%), limonene (23.1%), camphor (7.9%), and spathulenol (6.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e150 [37]\nLippia origanoides carvacrol (44.0%), thymol (15.0%), and γ-terpinene (10.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 11.1 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nLippia turbinata Griseb. limonene (60.6%), piperitenone oxide (17.4%), and β-caryophyllene (6.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e 150 [37]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9–11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 0.3 [58]\nMatricaria recutita L. α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9−11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1.5 [57]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (36.71%), γ-terpinene (22.20%), and α-terpinene (10.10%) Plaque reduction assay, influenza A⁄PR ⁄ 8 virus subtype H1N1 60 [31]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (30–48%), γ-terpinene (10–28%), α-terpinene (5–13%), 1,8-cineole (up to 15%), terpinolene (1.5−5%), p-cymene (0.5–12%), α-pinene (1–6%), and α-terpineol (1.5–8%) 100% inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) virus at 0.01%; type A (H11N9) virus to tea tree oil vapor caused 100% inhibition [46]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 13.2 [64]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [52]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 2700 [47]\nMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 significant plaque reduction at 10 and 5% v/v [65]\nMelaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm. 1,8-cineole (33.9%), terpinen-4-ol (18.8%), and γ-terpinene (10.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 99% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca ericifolia Sm. methyl eugenol (96.84%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 91.5% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. 1,8-cineole (64.3%), α-terpineol (11.0%), and valencene (3.91%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 92% plaque reduction (concentration not given) [66]\nMelissa officinalis L. neral (17−32%), geranial (23–43%), linalool (up to 9.0%), citronellal (0.7–20.3%), geraniol (up to 23.2%), β-caryophyllene (up to 11.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (0.4−31.7%) influenza A virus (H9N2) Significant reduction at 5 μg/mL [46]\nMelissa officinalis L. β-cubebene (15.4%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%), α-cadinol (7.2%), geranial (6.6%), and neral (5.8%) Plaque reduction assay (HEp−2 cells), HSV-2 21 [67]\nMelissa officinalis L. geranial (20.1%), β-caryophyllene (17.3%), and neral (13.6%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 4, 0.8 [68]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (42.8%), menthone (14.6%), and isomenthone (5.9%) Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 20, 8 [69]\nMentha × piperita L. menthol (43.8%), menthone (19.7%), menthyl acetate (6.5%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2200 [48]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. limonene (7.4%), isopulegol (12.0%), and piperitenone oxide (41.8%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.87 [70]\nMentha suaveolens Ehrh. piperitenone oxide (86.9%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 5.1 [64]\nMinthostachys mollis Griseb. cis−piperitone epoxide (29.9%), piperitenone oxide (25.6%), menthone (7.4%), germacrene D (5.8%), and pulegone (5.5%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 70.7, 68.0 [55]\nOcimum basilicum var. album (L.) Benth. linalool (53.8%) and eugenol (12.6%) j Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 \u003e10000 [48]\nOcimum campechianum Mill. methyl eugenol (53.9%), β-caryophyllene (13.0%), α-bulnesene (5.4%), germacrene D (3.4%), and α-humulene (3.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 74.33 [55]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (leaf EO) p-cymene (16.2%), γ-terpinene (13.5%), thymol (14.2%), and carvacrol (19.2%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.37 [70]\nOriganum elongatum Emb. (inflorescence EO) p-cymene (16.1%), γ-terpinene (7.3%), and carvacrol (40.1%), Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.75 [70]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nOriganum majorana L. terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2 520 [47]\nOriganum vulgare L. trans−sabinene hydrate (21.0%), thymol (11.0%), and carvacrol methyl ether (11.0%) Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV) 100 μg/mL (100% inhibition) [43]\nOsmunda regalis L. hexahydrofarnesyl acetone ( = phytone) (11.8%), 2,4−di−t−butylphenol (6.8%), phytol (6.5%), hexadecene (4.1%), and octadecene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 type 2 2.24 [71]\nPectis odorata Griseb. limonene (50.2%), neral (27.2%), and geranial (23.6%) Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1 39.6, 36.6, and 71.5 [38]\nPelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Aiton citronellol (21.9–37.5%), citronellyl formate (9.8–20.6%), geraniol (6.0–16.5%), geranyl formate (1.5–6.5%), menthone (up to 13%), isomenthone (up to 9.9%), and linalool (0.8−14.9%) influenza type A (H1N1) 95% inhibition at 0.3% [46]\nPinus mugo Turra δ-3-carene (23.9%), α-pinene (17.9%), β-pinene (7.8%), and β-phellandrene (7.2%) k Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 7 [58]\nRavensara aromatica Sonn. (syn. Cryptocarya agathophylla van der Werff) 1,8-cineole (52.6%), α-terpineol (12.4%), and sabinene (11.0%) l Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2800 [48]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. α-pinene (23.9%), verbenone (15.4%), camphor (11.0%), camphene (8.7%), p-cymene (7.5%), and 3−octanone (5.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 60 [41]\nRosmarinus officinalis L. 1,8-cineole (45.9%), α-pinene (12.0%), camphor (10.9%), and β-pinene (6.3%) b Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 2700 [48]\nSalvia fruticosa Mill. 1,8-cineole (47.5%), camphor (9.0%), β-thujone (7.6%), and α-thujone (4.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 1300 [72]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2 22.7, 45.3 [73]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nSantalum album L. (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 5 [57]\nSantolina insularis (Gennari ex Fiori) Arrigoni artemisia ketone (21.2%), allo−aromadendrene (12.7%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%), and camphene (8.5%) m Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2 0.88, 0.7 [74]\nSatureja hortensis L. carvacrol (32.4%), γ-terpinene (32.0%), thymol (10.0%), and p-cymene (6.6%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 80 [41]\nTessaria absinthioides (Hook. \u0026 Arn.) DC. caryophyllene oxide (12.2%), (E)-β-damascenone, γ-eudesmol (8.5%), α-gurjunene (5.8%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.4%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 105 [37]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (unripe fruit EO) carvacrol (68.6%), p-cymene (4.8%), γ-terpinene (3.0%), and β-caryophyllene (2.9%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.49 [70]\nThymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. \u0026 Link (ripe fruit EO) carvacrol (58.8%), p-cymene (5.6%), γ-terpinene (2.8%), and β-caryophyllene (2.6%) Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus 0.50 [70]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (31–50%), p-cymene (0.1–26.6%), and γ-terpinene (up to 22.8%) 100% inhibition of type A (H1N1) virus at 0.3% concentration [46]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 10 [56]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 11 [52]\nThymus vulgaris L. thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 7 [57]\nThymus willdenowii Boiss. 1,8-cineole (34.62%), camphor (18.55%), α-pinene (9.46%), and camphene (5.38%) Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus Inactive [75]\nTrachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague thymol (35–60%), α-pinene, p-cymene, and limonene Plaque reduction assay, Japanese encephalitis virus 80% reduction at 500 μg/mL [76]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (47.3%), carvacrol (21.9%), p-cymene (8.6%), γ-terpinene (4.2%), and β-caryophyllene (3.0%) Real time PCR (H9N2 subtype of AIV) Reduced viral replication in trachea of broiler chickens [77]\nZataria multiflora Boiss. thymol (33.1%), carvacrol (25.9%), and p-cymene (11.3%) Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 30 [41]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (32.1%), ar−curcumene (15.2%), β-sesquiphellandrene (10.9%), α-farnesene (7.2%), and α-phellandrene (4.4%) Plaque reduction assay, Caprine alphaherpesvirus type I not determined [78]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 2 [56]\nZingiber officinale Roscoe α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2 1 [57]\na Reported as cadinol, but see [79,80]. b Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [81]. c Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition of commercial (dōTERRA International, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA). d Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [82]. e Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [83]. f Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [84]. g Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [85]. h Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [86]. i Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [87]. j Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [88]. k Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [89]. l Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [90]. m Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [91]."}