Table 1  Essential oils showing antiviral activity.
Essential Oil  Major Components  Assay  IC50 (μg/mL)  Reference
Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) Tronc.  caryophyllene oxide (15.8%), guaiol (17.4%) a, chrysanthenyl acetate (5.6%), and limonene oxide (5.3%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  65.0  [37]
Aloysia triphylla Royle  α-thujone (22.9%), cis−carveol (17.5%), carvone (13.2%), and limonene (12.7%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  >250  [38]
Artemisia arborescens L.  camphor (35.7%), β-thujone (24.0%), and chamazulene (7.7%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  25% inhibition at 100 μg/mL  [39]
Artemisia arborescens L.  Artemisia arborescens L.  β-thujone (45.0%), camphor (6.8%), and chamazulene (22.7%) c  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2  2.4, 4.1  [40]
Artemisia douglasiana Besser  α-thujone (68.3%) and β-thujone (7.5%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  83  [37]
Artemisia kermanensis Podlech (syn. Seriphidium kermanense (Podlech) K. Bremer & Humphries  α-thujone (13.8%), camphor (10.2%), and β-thujone (6.2%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  40  [41]
Artemisia mendozana DC.  camphor (22.4%), artemiseole (11.7%), artemisia alcohol (10.8%), and borneol (7.2%)  Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1  129.3, 178.6, and 153.7  [38]
Artemisia princeps Pamp.  borneol (12.1%), α-thujone (8.7%), τ−cadinol, (6.7%), and 1,8-cineole (6.2%)  Plaque reduction assay, murine norovirus−1  64% inhibition at 0.01%  [42]
Plaque reduction assay, feline calicivirus−F9  48% inhibition at 0.1%
Artemisia vulgaris L.  α-thujone (38.1%), β-thujone (10.6%), and 1,8-cineole (8.8%)  Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV)  100 μg/mL (100% inhibition)  [43]
Ayapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M. King & H. Rob.  thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether  Plaque reduction assay (A549 cells), Zika virus  38.0  [44]
Buddleja cordobensis Griseb.  caryophyllene oxide (32.1%), β-caryophyllene (16.5%), and α-copaene (8.5%)  Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1  86.4, 39.0, and 54.1  [38]
Cedrus libani A. Rich.  himachalol (22.5%), β-himachalene (21.9%), and α-himachalene (10.5%)  Cytopathic effect (CPE) on Vero cells, HSV-1  440  [45]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl)  eugenol (75–85%), linalool (1.6−8.5%), (E)−cinnamaldehyde (0.6−1.5%), (E)−cinnamyl acetate (0.7–2.6%), β-caryophyllene (0.5–6.7%), eugenyl acetate (0.1–2.9%), and benzyl benzoate (0.1–8.3%)  Influenza type A (H1N1)   [46]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl)  (E)−cinnamaldehyde (63.9%), eugenol (7.0%), and (E)−cinnamyl acetate (5.1%) c  Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2  82  [47]
Citrus × bergamia Risso & Poit.  limonene (23–55%), linalool (2–37%), linalyl acetate (12–41%), β-pinene (up to 10%), and γ-terpinene (up to 10%)  Influenza virus type A H1N1  100% inhibition at 0.3%  [46]
Citrus limonum Risso  limonene (54.6%), γ-terpinene (19.1%), and β-pinene (14.5%) d  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  2500  [48]
Citrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (leaf EO)  sabinene (40.5%), linalool (23.3%), and terpinen-4-ol (8.3%)  Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1  19.4% inhibition at 0.1 μL/mL  [36]
Citrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (unripe fruit peel EO)  limonene (82.4%) and linalool (7.2%)  Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1  61.5% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL  [36]
Citrus reshni Hort ex Tan. (ripe fruit peel EO)  limonene (91.6%)  Plaque reduction assay, influenza A virus H5N1  50% inhibition at 1.5 μL/mL  [36]
Cupressus sempervirens L.  α-pinene (51.9%) and δ-3-carene (24.9%) c  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  6600  [48]
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf  geranial (40.2%), neral (30.6%), and geraniol (6.7%) c  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  91  [48]
Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees) Will. Watson  geranial (48–54%) and neral (29–33%)  Influenza virus type A (H1N1)   [46]
Cynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr. ex H. Lév.  (2E,4E)-decadienal (23.0%), γ-nonalactone (4.2%), 5-pentyl-2(3H)−furanone (3.8%), and 3-isopropyl-1-pentanol (3.5%)  Influenza type A (H1N1)  64  [46]
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants  cis-ascaridole (60.7%) and m-cymene (22.2%)  Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4  21.75  [49]
Eucalyptus astringens (Maiden) Maiden  1,8-cineole (42.0%), α-pinene (22.0%), and trans−pinocarveol (7.0%)  Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3  13.0  [50]
Eucalyptus bicostata Maiden, Blakely & Simmonds  1,8-cineole (68.0%), globulol (5.4%), and trans−pinocarveol (4.6%)  Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3  13.6  [50]
Eucalyptus caesia Benth.  1,8-cineole (40.2%), p-cymene (14.1%), γ-terpinene (12.4%), α-pinene (7.7%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.6%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  70  [41]
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.  α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e  Plaque reduction assay, Rotavirus Wa strain  50% inhibition at 10% EO concentration  [51]
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.  α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e  Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4  53.3% at 10% EO concentration  [51]
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.  α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e  Plaque reduction assay, HSV-1  90% at 10% EO concentration  [51]
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.  α-terpinene (26.3%), α-terpineol (9.1%), and camphene (8.5%) e  Plaque reduction assay, adenovirus type 7  0% at 10% EO concentration  [51]
Eucalyptus cinereal F. Muell. ex Benth.  1,8-cineole (70.4%), α-pinene (4.5%), and limonene (3.7%)  Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3  13.0  [50]
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.  1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  1700  [48]
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.  1,8-cineole (63.8%) and α-pinene (14.0%) f  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1  55.0  [52]
Eucalyptus lehmannii (Schauer) Benth.  1,8-cineole (59.6%), α-pinene (17.6%), and α-terpineol (8.7%)  Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3  11.5  [50]
Eucalyptus leucoxylon F. Muell.  1,8-cineole (59.2%), α-pinene (7.8%), and α-terpineol (4.3%)  Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3  8.1  [50]
Eucalyptus maidenii F. Muell.  1,8-cineole (57.8%), p-cymene (7.4%), and α-pinene (7.3%)  Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3  14.5  [50]
Eucalyptus odorata Behr  cryptone (20.9%), p-cymene (16.7%), phellandral (6.6%), and cuminal (6.6%)  Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3  19.2  [50]
Eucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Woolls  1,8-cineole (69.2%), α-pinene (6.9%), and α-terpineol (5.4%)  Vero cells, Coxsakie virus B3  12.3  [50]
Eupatorium patens D. Don ex Hook. & Arn.  germacrene D (36.2%), β-caryophyllene (14.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (7.0%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  125  [37]
Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (leaf EO)  α-terpineol (55.5%), carvone (5.7%), carveol (5.5%), γ-muurolene (5.5%), and citronellal (5.0%)  MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1  6.77  [53]
Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (fruit EO)  β-eudesmol (28.3%), α-muurolene (10.3%), β-gurjunene (10.0%), γ-eudesmol (8.4%), and γ-muurolene (6.6%)  MTT assay, reasserted avian influenza A virus, H5N1  38.89  [53]
Gaillardia megapotamica (Spreng.) Baker   β-pinene (24.2%), (Z)-β-ocimene (16.5%), α-pinene (7.7%), limonene (7.5%), and β-caryophyllene (6.7%)  Plaque reduction assay, DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1  140.6, 49.8, and 99.1  [38]
Heterothalamus alienus (Spreng.) Kuntze   β-pinene (35.5%), spathulenol (10.7%), and germacrene D (6.8%)  Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1  122.3, 44.2 and 148.4  [38]
Heterotheca latifolia Buckley  borneol (40.0%), camphor (24.3%), and limonene (5.1%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  >150  [37]
Houttuynia cordata Thunb.  decanal (3.4−8.9%), decanol (up to 7.0%), 2−undecanone (23.0−36.1%), decanoic acid (1.4−6.3%), dodecanal (up to 7.3%), and 2−tridecanone (2.6−5.6%)  Influenza type A (H1N1)  48  [54]
Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq.  fenchone (17.1%), 1,8-cineole (12.6%), β-caryophyllene (10.9%), bicyclogermacrene (8.7%), and germacrene D (6.2%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2 (Human Herpesvirus type 1)  79.01  [55]
Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq.  germacrene D (15.1%), β-caryophyllene (13.3%), curzerene (13.3%), and bicyclogermacrene (13.2%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells)  >150  [37]
Hyssopus officinalis L.  cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1  1  [56]
Hyssopus officinalis L.  cis−pinocamphone (40.1%), trans−pinocamphone (13.3%), β-pinene (10.7%), and β-phellandrene (5.3%) c  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2  6  [57]
Illicium verum Hook. f.  (E)−anethole (90.5%) c  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1  40  [58]
Illicium verum Hook. f.  (E)−anethole (90.5%) c  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1  1  [59]
Illicium verum Hook. f.  (E)−anethole (90.5%) c  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2  30  [57]
Jungia polita Griseb.  caryophyllene oxide (9.2%) and β-caryophyllene (8.1%)  Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1  39.8, 134.2 and 136.4  [38]
Juniperus communis L.  α-pinene (46.7%), myrcene (15.0%), sabinene (13.2%), and limonene (7.0%) c  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  >10000  [48]
Lavandula angustifolia Mill.  linalyl acetate (37.0−43.6%), linalool (19.7−39.1%), geraniol (up to 9.3%), β-caryophyllene (up to 5.1%), terpinene−4−ol (up to 14.9%), lavandulol (up to 1.5%), lavandulyl acetate (up to 5.5%), 1,8-cineole (up to 4.1%), and borneol (up to 6.4%)  85% in vitro inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1)   [46]
Lavandula latifolia Medik.  linalool (31.9%), 1,8-cineole (18.8%), and borneol (10.1%) g  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  2200  [48]
Lepechinia salviifolia (Kunth) Epling  camphor (10.3%), limonene (9.7%), p−mentha−1(7),8−diene (7.4%), α-pinene (6.9%), and γ-terpinene (6.7%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2  68.8, 81.9  [55]
Lepechinia vulcanicola J.R.I. Wood  limonene (18.9%), germacrene D (10.4%), 1−octen−3−ol (8.8%), β-caryophyllene (8.7%), and α-pinene (8.2%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2  112, 68.9  [55]
Leptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.  calamene (16.0%), leptospermone (14.5%), δ−cadinene (6.1%), flavesone (4.5%), viridiflorene (4.4%), and isoleptospermone (3.9%)  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2  0.96, 0.58  [60]
Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson  carvone (51.0%), Limonene (33%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (7.0%)  Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV)  100 μg/mL (100% inhibition)  [43]
Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson  carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD  10.1, 0.4, 32.6, 21.1, 4.9  [61]
Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson  carvone (39.7%), limonene (30.6%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.9%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV)  4.3  [62]
Lippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau)  geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), DENV−1, DENV−2, DENV−3, DENV−4, YFV 17 DD  1.9, 2.9, 2.6, 33.7, 5.7  [61]
Lippia citriodora Kunth (syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau)  geranial (18.9%), neral (15.6%), limonene (10.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), Yellow fever (YFV)  19.4  [62]
Lippia graveolens Kunth  carvacrol (56.8%), o−cymene (32.1%), and γ-terpinene (3.7%) h  MTT assay (Mardin−Darby bovine kidney cells), HSV-1, ACVR−HSV-1 (acyclovir−resistant HSV-1), HRSV (human respiratory syncytial virus)  99.6, 55.9, 68.0  [63]
Lippia junelliana (Moldenke) Tronc.  piperitenone oxide (= rotundifolone) (36.5%), limonene (23.1%), camphor (7.9%), and spathulenol (6.5%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  >150  [37]
Lippia origanoides  carvacrol (44.0%), thymol (15.0%), and γ-terpinene (10.0%)  Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV)  11.1 μg/mL (100% inhibition)  [43]
Lippia turbinata Griseb.  limonene (60.6%), piperitenone oxide (17.4%), and β-caryophyllene (6.4%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  > 150  [37]
Matricaria recutita L.  α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9–11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1  0.3  [58]
Matricaria recutita L.  α-bisabolol oxide A (13.4–55.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.4–25.1%), bisabolone oxide A (2.9−11.4%), cis−bicycloether (= (Z)−spiroether) (3.6–17.7%), and (E)-β-farnesene (1.9–10.4%) i  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2  1.5  [57]
Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel  terpinen-4-ol (36.71%), γ-terpinene (22.20%), and α-terpinene (10.10%)  Plaque reduction assay, influenza A⁄PR ⁄ 8 virus subtype H1N1  60  [31]
Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel  terpinen-4-ol (30–48%), γ-terpinene (10–28%), α-terpinene (5–13%), 1,8-cineole (up to 15%), terpinolene (1.5−5%), p-cymene (0.5–12%), α-pinene (1–6%), and α-terpineol (1.5–8%)  100% inhibition of influenza type A (H1N1) virus at 0.01%; type A (H11N9) virus to tea tree oil vapor caused 100% inhibition   [46]
Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel  terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  2700  [48]
Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel  terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  13.2  [64]
Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel  terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1  2  [52]
Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel  terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c  Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2  2700  [47]
Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel  terpinen-4-ol (47.5%), γ-terpinene (20.2%), and α-terpinene (8.6%) c  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  significant plaque reduction at 10 and 5% v/v  [65]
Melaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm.  1,8-cineole (33.9%), terpinen-4-ol (18.8%), and γ-terpinene (10.4%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  99% plaque reduction (concentration not given)  [66]
Melaleuca ericifolia Sm.  methyl eugenol (96.84%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  91.5% plaque reduction (concentration not given)  [66]
Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L.  1,8-cineole (64.3%), α-terpineol (11.0%), and valencene (3.91%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  92% plaque reduction (concentration not given)  [66]
Melissa officinalis L.  neral (17−32%), geranial (23–43%), linalool (up to 9.0%), citronellal (0.7–20.3%), geraniol (up to 23.2%), β-caryophyllene (up to 11.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (0.4−31.7%)  influenza A virus (H9N2)  Significant reduction at 5 μg/mL  [46]
Melissa officinalis L.  β-cubebene (15.4%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%), α-cadinol (7.2%), geranial (6.6%), and neral (5.8%)  Plaque reduction assay (HEp−2 cells), HSV-2  21  [67]
Melissa officinalis L.  geranial (20.1%), β-caryophyllene (17.3%), and neral (13.6%)  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2  4, 0.8  [68]
Mentha × piperita L.  menthol (42.8%), menthone (14.6%), and isomenthone (5.9%)  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1, HSV-2  20, 8  [69]
Mentha × piperita L.  menthol (43.8%), menthone (19.7%), menthyl acetate (6.5%), and 1,8-cineole (5.0%) c  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  2200  [48]
Mentha suaveolens Ehrh.  limonene (7.4%), isopulegol (12.0%), and piperitenone oxide (41.8%)  Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus  0.87  [70]
Mentha suaveolens Ehrh.  piperitenone oxide (86.9%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  5.1  [64]
Minthostachys mollis Griseb.  cis−piperitone epoxide (29.9%), piperitenone oxide (25.6%), menthone (7.4%), germacrene D (5.8%), and pulegone (5.5%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2  70.7, 68.0  [55]
Ocimum basilicum var. album (L.) Benth.  linalool (53.8%) and eugenol (12.6%) j  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  >10000  [48]
Ocimum campechianum Mill.  methyl eugenol (53.9%), β-caryophyllene (13.0%), α-bulnesene (5.4%), germacrene D (3.4%), and α-humulene (3.3%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-2  74.33  [55]
Origanum elongatum Emb. (leaf EO)  p-cymene (16.2%), γ-terpinene (13.5%), thymol (14.2%), and carvacrol (19.2%)  Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus  0.37  [70]
Origanum elongatum Emb. (inflorescence EO)  p-cymene (16.1%), γ-terpinene (7.3%), and carvacrol (40.1%),  Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus  0.75  [70]
Origanum majorana L.  terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  2800  [48]
Origanum majorana L.  terpinen-4-ol (28.9%), γ-terpinene (14.9%), trans−sabinene hydrate (9.5%), α-terpinene (8.7%), and sabinene (7.2%) c  Plaque reduction assay (HeLa cells), HSV-2  520  [47]
Origanum vulgare L.  trans−sabinene hydrate (21.0%), thymol (11.0%), and carvacrol methyl ether (11.0%)  Virus yield assay (Vero cells), yellow fever virus (YFV)  100 μg/mL (100% inhibition)  [43]
Osmunda regalis L.  hexahydrofarnesyl acetone ( = phytone) (11.8%), 2,4−di−t−butylphenol (6.8%), phytol (6.5%), hexadecene (4.1%), and octadecene (4.4%)  Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus B4 type 2  2.24  [71]
Pectis odorata Griseb.  limonene (50.2%), neral (27.2%), and geranial (23.6%)  Plaque reduction assay DENV−2, JUNV and HSV-1  39.6, 36.6, and 71.5  [38]
Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Aiton  citronellol (21.9–37.5%), citronellyl formate (9.8–20.6%), geraniol (6.0–16.5%), geranyl formate (1.5–6.5%), menthone (up to 13%), isomenthone (up to 9.9%), and linalool (0.8−14.9%)  influenza type A (H1N1)  95% inhibition at 0.3%  [46]
Pinus mugo Turra  δ-3-carene (23.9%), α-pinene (17.9%), β-pinene (7.8%), and β-phellandrene (7.2%) k  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1  7  [58]
Ravensara aromatica Sonn. (syn. Cryptocarya agathophylla van der Werff)  1,8-cineole (52.6%), α-terpineol (12.4%), and sabinene (11.0%) l  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  2800  [48]
Rosmarinus officinalis L.  α-pinene (23.9%), verbenone (15.4%), camphor (11.0%), camphene (8.7%), p-cymene (7.5%), and 3−octanone (5.6%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  60  [41]
Rosmarinus officinalis L.  1,8-cineole (45.9%), α-pinene (12.0%), camphor (10.9%), and β-pinene (6.3%) b  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  2700  [48]
Salvia fruticosa Mill.  1,8-cineole (47.5%), camphor (9.0%), β-thujone (7.6%), and α-thujone (4.3%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2  1300  [72]
Santalum album L.  (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1, HSV-2  22.7, 45.3  [73]
Santalum album L.  (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1  2  [56]
Santalum album L.  (Z)−α-santalol (45.2%), (Z)-β-santalol (25.4%), and (Z)−trans−α-bergamotol (7.8%) c  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2  5  [57]
Santolina insularis (Gennari ex Fiori) Arrigoni  artemisia ketone (21.2%), allo−aromadendrene (12.7%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%), and camphene (8.5%) m  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 and HSV-2  0.88, 0.7  [74]
Satureja hortensis L.  carvacrol (32.4%), γ-terpinene (32.0%), thymol (10.0%), and p-cymene (6.6%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  80  [41]
Tessaria absinthioides (Hook. & Arn.) DC.  caryophyllene oxide (12.2%), (E)-β-damascenone, γ-eudesmol (8.5%), α-gurjunene (5.8%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.4%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  105  [37]
Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link (unripe fruit EO)  carvacrol (68.6%), p-cymene (4.8%), γ-terpinene (3.0%), and β-caryophyllene (2.9%)  Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus  0.49  [70]
Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link (ripe fruit EO)  carvacrol (58.8%), p-cymene (5.6%), γ-terpinene (2.8%), and β-caryophyllene (2.6%)  Plaque reduction assay, cytopathogenic murine norovirus  0.50  [70]
Thymus vulgaris L.  thymol (31–50%), p-cymene (0.1–26.6%), and γ-terpinene (up to 22.8%)  100% inhibition of type A (H1N1) virus at 0.3% concentration   [46]
Thymus vulgaris L.  thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1  10  [56]
Thymus vulgaris L.  thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1  11  [52]
Thymus vulgaris L.  thymol (43.9%), carvacrol (14.4%), p-cymene (10.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.0%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%) c  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2  7  [57]
Thymus willdenowii Boiss.  1,8-cineole (34.62%), camphor (18.55%), α-pinene (9.46%), and camphene (5.38%)  Plaque reduction assay, Coxsackie virus  Inactive  [75]
Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague  thymol (35–60%), α-pinene, p-cymene, and limonene  Plaque reduction assay, Japanese encephalitis virus  80% reduction at 500 μg/mL  [76]
Zataria multiflora Boiss.  thymol (47.3%), carvacrol (21.9%), p-cymene (8.6%), γ-terpinene (4.2%), and β-caryophyllene (3.0%)  Real time PCR (H9N2 subtype of AIV)  Reduced viral replication in trachea of broiler chickens  [77]
Zataria multiflora Boiss.  thymol (33.1%), carvacrol (25.9%), and p-cymene (11.3%)  Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1  30  [41]
Zingiber officinale Roscoe  α-zingiberene (32.1%), ar−curcumene (15.2%), β-sesquiphellandrene (10.9%), α-farnesene (7.2%), and α-phellandrene (4.4%)  Plaque reduction assay, Caprine alphaherpesvirus type I  not determined  [78]
Zingiber officinale Roscoe  α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1  2  [56]
Zingiber officinale Roscoe  α-zingiberene (26.4%), camphene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.2%), ar−curcumene (6.5%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), and β-bisabolene (5.1%) c  Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-2  1  [57]
a Reported as cadinol, but see [79,80]. b Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [81]. c Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition of commercial (dōTERRA International, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA). d Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [82]. e Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [83]. f Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [84]. g Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [85]. h Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [86]. i Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [87]. j Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [88]. k Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [89]. l Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [90]. m Essential oil composition not reported; essential oil composition obtained from [91].