The median age of patients was 63 years (IQR, 55–69 years), and 57.8% of patients were men (Table 1 ). The median interval time from symptom onset to admission was 11.0 days (IQR, 9.0–13.5 days). A total of 83 (61.5%) patients had comorbidities, and 134 (99.3%) patients had bilateral distribution of patchy shadows or ground glass opacity on chest x-ray or CT imaging. There were no significant between-group differences in demographic and baseline characteristics (Table 1), as well as laboratory parameters upon hospital admission and treatment during hospitalization (Table 3).
Table 1 Demographics and baseline characteristics of patients with COVID-19.
Total (n = 135) Good sleep (n = 60) Poor sleep (n = 75) P value
Age, median (IQR), years 63 (55–69) 61 (51–68) 64 (56–70) 0.1126
 < 50 years 22 (16.3) 14 (23.3) 9 (12.0) 0.0818
 50–70 years 83 (61.5) 36 (60.0) 46 (61.3) 0.8747
 ≥ 70 years 30 (22.2) 10 (16.7) 20 (26.7) 0.1649
Sex:
 Male 78 (57.8) 40 (66.7) 38 (50.7) 0.0614
 Female 57 (42.2) 20 (33.3) 37 (49.3)
BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 23.9 (22.3–25.6) 23.8 (22.5–25.3) 24.2 (22.0–25.7) 0.7886
Marital status:
 Married 129 (95.6) 57 (95.0) 72 (96.0) 0.7794
 Unmarried 3 (2.2) 2 (3.3) 1 (1.3) 0.8447
 Death of a spouse 3 (2.2) 1 (1.7) 2 (2.7) 0.8447
Education level:
 ≤ High school 96 (71.1) 39 (65.0) 57 (76.0) 0.1612
 University or college 32 (23.7) 17 (28.3) 15 (20.0) 0.2579
 Master or doctor 7 (5.2) 4 (6.7) 3 (4.0) 0.4875
Current smoking 4 (3.0) 0 (0) 4 (5.3) 0.1918
Comorbidities: 83 (61.5) 34 (56.7) 49 (65.3) 0.3038
 Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases 42 (31.1) 19 (31.7) 23 (30.7) 0.9008
 Endocrine disease 38 (28.1) 16 (26.7) 22 (29.3) 0.7321
 Malignancy 13 (9.6) 4 (6.7) 9 (12.0) 0.2966
 Chronic respiratory disease 6 (4.4) 1 (1.7) 5 (6.7) 0.3268
 Gastrointestinal disease 4 (3.0) 1 (1.7) 3 (4.0) 0.7766
 Urologic diseases 2 (1.5) 0 (0) 2 (2.7) 0.5025
Onset of symptom to hospital admission, median (IQR), days 11.0 (9.0–13.5) 11.0 (9.0–15.0) 11.0 (8.5–13.0) 0.5954
Signs and symptoms at disease onset:
 Fever 123 (91.1) 53 (88.3) 70 (93.3) 0.3104
 Cough 92 (68.1) 38 (63.3) 54 (72.0) 0.2828
 Shortness of breath 75 (55.6) 31 (51.7) 44 (58.7) 0.4160
 Fatigue 68 (50.4) 32 (53.3) 36 (48.0) 0.5380
 Expectoration 37 (27.4) 14 (23.3) 23 (30.7) 0.3425
 Myalgia or arthralgia 34 (25.2) 15 (25.0) 19 (25.3) 0.9646
 Diarrhoea 18 (13.3) 7 (11.7) 11 (14.7) 0.6104
 Chills 18 (13.3) 8 (13.3) 10 (13.3) > 0.9999
 Nausea or Vomiting 15 (11.1) 9 (15.0) 6 (8.0) 0.1984
 Anorexia 12 (8.9) 7 (11.7) 5 (6.7) 0.3104
 Headache 10 (7.4) 5 (8.3) 5 (6.7) 0.9707
 Dizziness 5 (3.7) 2 (3.3) 3 (4.0) 0.7989
 Chest pain 5 (3.7) 2 (3.3) 3 (4.0) 0.7989
 Pharyngalgia 3 (2.2) 3 (5.0) 0 (0) 0.1704
 Rhinorrhoea 2 (1.5) 1 (1.7) 1 (1.3) > 0.9999
 Haemoptysis 2 (1.5) 2 (3.3) 0 (0) 0.1957
 Abdominal pain 2 (1.5) 2 (3.3) 0 (0) 0.1957
Vital signs on admission:
 Body tempreture, median (IQR), ℃ 36.9 (36.5–38.0) 36.9 (36.6–38.0) 36.8 (36.5–37.9) 0.4967
 Systolic pressure, median (IQR), mmHg 131.0 (120.0–143.0) 131.5 (117.5–145.0) 131.0 (120.0–142.5) 0.5040
 Heart rate, median (IQR), beat per minute 85.0 (75.5–100.0) 80.5 (74.5–99.0) 87.0 (77.5–100.5) 0.2444
 Respiratory rate, median (IQR), breaths per minute 20.0 (20.0–24.5) 20.0 (20.0–24.0) 21.0 (20.0–25.0) 0.2136
 Percutaneous oxygen saturation, median (IQR), %† 95 (92–96) 95 (91–96) 94 (92–96) 0.9816
Bilateral distribution of patchy shadows or ground glass opacity on chest x-ray or CT imaging: 134 (99.3) 59 (98.3) 75 (100%) 0.2618
Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise. Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; n, number. P values indicate differences between good-sleep and poor-sleep patients. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
†Data were missing for the measurement of percutaneous oxygen saturation in eight patients (13.3%) of the good-sleep group, and nine patients (12.0%) of the poor-sleep group.