Figure 3  Bacterial binding to various receptors, e.g., Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and 4), as well as complement receptors, leads to protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) activation, followed by chromatin decondensation, hypercitrullination of histones 3 and 4 in the nucleus, and nuclear membrane disruption. Granules also release lactoferrin. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) and their protein constituents (including lactoferrin) are released from the neutrophil. Adapted from Jorch and Kubes (142) and Law and Gray (143). Bacteria are expelled and trapped in the NETs. Diagram created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/).