Along with the chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokine, there is an elevated level of the IFN inclusive of IFN-α and IFN-γ, stimulatory genes of IFN include CCL-2 and CXCL-10. There is an exacerbation of the IFN, chemokines such as TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6 and CCL5, pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulatory genes of interferon such as an interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1) IFIT1, radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 (RSAD2) and CXCL10 in the TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) and toll-like receptors 3 (TLR3) deficient mice [58]. The deregulation of the cytokine or chemokine response causes the cytokine storm, leading to the immunopathological changes and the SARS-CoV infection.