does MERS-CoV ORF4b (Yang et al., 2015). Other proteins, including SARS-CoV-1 PLP, N, ORF3b, and ORF6, block IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation (Devaraj et al., 2007, Kopecky-Bromberg et al., 2007). NF-kB is also inhib