Immune responses of critically ill patients with sepsis can be classified into three patterns: macrophage-activation syndrome (MAS) (Kyriazopoulou et al., 2017), sepsis-induced immunoparalysis characterized by low expression of the human leukocyte antigen D related (HLA-DR) on CD14 monocytes (Lukaszewicz et al., 2009), and an intermediate functional state of the immune system lacking obvious dysregulation.