As a next step, we measured circulating concentrations of TNF-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. IFN-γ was below the limit of detection in all patients (data not shown), indicating that Th1 responses do not contribute to over-inflammation. No differences of circulating TNF-α concentrations were found between COVID-19 patients at the three states of immune classification (Figure 4J). In contrast, IL-6 and CRP concentrations were significantly higher among patients with immune dysregulation than among patients at an intermediate state of immune activation (Figures 4K and 4L). Given that IL-6 was below the limit of detection in some patients with immune dysregulation, we divided them into two groups as follows: seven patients with IL-6 below the limit of detection and 14 patients with detectable IL-6. Their severity was similar given that SOFA score and pneumonia severity indexes were similar (p values of comparisons were 0.937 and 0.877, respectively; data not shown).