Figure 4 Main Features of Immune Dysregulation of Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2
(A) Production of TNF-α by PBMCs of patients with sepsis caused by bacterial CAP classified into intermediate state of immune activation and immunoparalysis.
(B) Production of TNF-α by PBMCs of patients with CAP caused by SARS-CoV-2 classified into three states of immune activation: intermediate, dysregulation, and MAS.
(C) Production of TNF-α by PBMCs of patients with SRF developing after infection caused by the 2009H1N1 virus and by SARS-CoV-2.
(D) Production of IL-1β by PBMCs of patients with sepsis caused by bacterial CAP classified into intermediate state of immune activation and immunoparalysis.
(E) Production of IL-1β by PBMCs of patients with CAP caused by SARS-CoV-2 classified into three states of immune activation: intermediate, dysregulation, and MAS.
(F) Production of IL-1β by PBMCs of patients with SRF developing after infection caused by the 2009H1N1 virus and by SARS-CoV-2.
(G) Production of IL-6 by PBMCs of patients with sepsis caused by bacterial CAP classified into intermediate state of immune activation and immunoparalysis.
(H) Production of IL-6 by PBMCs of patients with CAP caused by SARS-CoV-2 classified into states of immune activation: intermediate, dysregulation and MAS.
(I) Production of IL-6 by PBMCs of patients with SRF developing after infection caused by the 2009H1N1 virus and by SARS-CoV-2.
(J–L) Serum amounts of TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP of patients with CAP caused by SARS-CoV-2 classified into states of immune activation: intermediate, dysregulation and MAS.
Bars in each graphic represent mean values and standard errors. Statistical comparisons are indicated by the arrows; ns: non-significant; ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001. Comparisons were done by the Mann-Whitney U test followed by correction for multiple comparisons.