The differences between patients with and without COVID-19 for all 67 features (41 imaging and 26 critical clinical features) are shown in Tables 1 and 2 and the Supplementary Materials (Tables E3 and E4). The differences between the primary cohort and validation cohort for the same features are shown in the Supplementary Materials (Tables E5 and E6). All characteristics except fatigue and white blood cell count in the CR model presented no significant difference between the primary and validation cohorts. A total of 1745 lesions were identified, with 1062 from the COVID-19 group and 683 from the non-COVID-19 group.
Table 1 Radiological semantic features of patients in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19
Feature Non-COVID-19 (n = 66) COVID-19 (n = 70) p value
Number of pure GGO
  Total# 1.00 (0.00, 5.05) 3.50 (0.95, 8.05) 0.018b*
  Peripheral area# 1.00 (0.00, 4.05) 2.00 (0.00, 6.05) 0.032b*
  Central/both peripheral and central area# 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.00 (0.00, 2.00) 0.001b*
Number of mixed GGO
  Total# 1.00 (0.00, 3.05) 3.00 (1.00, 9.00) 0.001b*
  Peripheral area# 0.00 (0.00, 2.00) 2.50 (1.00, 6.00) < 0.001b*
  Central/both peripheral and central area# 0.00 (0.00, 1.05) 0.00 (0.00, 2.00) 0.657b
Total number of consolidation
  Consolidation# 1.00 (0.00, 3.00) 0.00 (0.00, 0.05) 0.001b*
  Pure solid nodules# 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.309b
  Solid nodules with GGO# 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) 0.033b*
Total number of lesions
  Peripheral area# 5.00 (2.00, 9.05) 7.00 (2.00, 13.00) 0.112b
  Central area# 0.00 (0.00, 3.00) 0.00 (0.00, 1.05) 0.960b
  Both peripheral and central area# 0.00 (0.00, 2.00) 0.00 (0.00, 2.05) 0.582b
Interlobular septal thickening 0.009a*
  Negative 44 (66.67%) 31 (44.29%)
  Positive 22 (33.33%) 39 (55.71%)
Crazy paving pattern < 0.001a*
  Negative 60 (90.91%) 32 (45.71%)
  Positive 6 (9.09%) 38 (54.29%)
Tree-in-bud sign < 0.001a*
  Negative 37 (56.06%) 61 (87.14%)
  Positive 29 (43.94%) 9 (12.86%)
Pleural thickening 0.030a*
  Negative 46 (69.70%) 36 (51.43%)
  Positive 20 (30.30%) 34 (48.57%)
Offending vessel augmentation in lesions < 0.001a*
  Negative 55 (83.33%) 17 (24.29%)
  Positive 11 (16.67%) 53 (75.71%)
GGO ground-glass opacities
#Results are median with interquartile range in parentheses, and the remainder results are measurements with corresponding ratio in parentheses
*Data with statistical significance. pa: chi-square test, pb: Student’s t test
Table 2 Clinical features of patients in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19
Feature Non-COVID-19 (n = 66) COVID-19 (n = 70) p value
Sex
  Male# 43 (65.15%) 41 (58.57%) 0.430a
  Female# 23 (34.85%) 29 (41.43%)
  Age (years) 46.73 ± 25.00 42.93 ± 13.32 0.275b
Vital signs
  Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 126.92 ± 23.07 127.07 ± 15.16 0.965b
  Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 77.74 ± 15.72 80.39 ± 10.51 0.254b
  Respiration rate (bpm) 25.20 ± 7.29 19.86 ± 1.90 < 0.001b*
  Heart rate (bpm) 101.59 ± 20.36 86.06 ± 13.34 < 0.001b*
  Temperature (°C) 37.61 ± 1.06 37.12 ± 0.83 0.003b*
Signs
  Dry cough# 56 (84.85%) 48 (68.57%) 0.025a*
  Fatigue# 8 (12.12%) 22 (31.43%) 0.007a*
  Sore throat# 6 (9.09%) 9 (12.86%) 0.483a
  Stuffy# 4 (6.06%) 2 (2.86%) 0.623a
  Runny nose# 3 (4.55%) 3 (4.29%) 0.731a
White blood cell count (× 109/L) 11.48 ± 5.36 5.27 ± 2.33 < 0.001b*
White blood cell count category < 0.001c*
  Low# 0 (0.00%) 2 (2.86%)
  Normal# 27 (40.91%) 63 (90.00%)
  High# 39 (59.09%) 5 (7.14%)
Lymphocyte count (× 109/L) 1.57 ± 1.33 1.25 ± 0.68 0.086b
Lymphocyte count category < 0.001c*
  Low# 24 (36.36%) 32 (45.71%)
  Normal# 35 (53.03%) 37 (52.86%)
  High# 7 (10.61%) 1 (1.43%)
Neutrophil count (× 109/L) 8.97 ± 4.90 3.53 ± 2.17 < 0.001b*
Neutrophil count category < 0.001c*
  Low# 3 (4.55%) 8 (11.43%)
  Normal# 23 (34.85%) 59 (84.29%)
  High# 40 (60.61%) 3 (4.29%)
C-reactive protein (mg/L) 69.30 ± 65.88 26.37 ± 30.97 < 0.001b*
Procalcitonin (ng/mL) 3.36 ± 8.98 0.26 ± 0.84 0.007b*
*Data with statistical significance. pa: chi-square test, pb: Student’s t test. pc: Kruskal-Wallis H test
#Results are measurements with corresponding ratio in parentheses