3.1.2  Centrifugal separation
Centrifugation can be used as a density gradient-based separation principle for concentrating target pathogens within a sample. In cases where the target species exhibits similar density to background species, the approach is often implemented with antibody-functionalized beads. This technique is commonly employed in applications requiring pathogen detection in complex matrices (e.g., body fluids). Centrifugation-based separation techniques can also potentially be applied to microfluidic-based biosensing platforms. For example, Lee et al. utilized centrifugal microfluidics to process a whole blood sample for subsequent analysis using ELISA (Lee et al. 2009), suggesting that this approach could be extended to electrochemical biosensor-based assays for pathogen detection.