tibodies, because of several challenges, such as aptamer stability, degradation, cross-reactivity, and reproducibility using alternative processing approaches (Lakhin et al. 2013).

2.2.5  Phages
Phages, also referred to as bacteriophages, are viruses that infect and replicate in bacteria through selective binding via tail-spike proteins (Haq et al. 2012). Thus, they have been examined as